ch3 cells 3.7-3.12

mitochondria

makes ATP for the cell using glucose + oxygen

ribosomes

builds protein from DNA

Rough ER

makes proteins for export outside the cells—has ribosomes

smooth ER

makes lipids, breaks down drugs and alcohol—no ribos

golgi apparatus

packages and ships proteins to where they need to go

lysosomes

breaks down old cell parts and invaders with digestive enzyme

peroxisomes

breaks down toxins like alcohol and hydrogen peroxide

cytoskeleton

gives cell shape and helps if move—made of protein rods

microtubules

tracks for vesicle transport, chromosome seperation

microfilaments (actin)

cells shape, muscle contraction, cytokinesis

intermediate filaments

tensile strength, structural support

G1 phase

cell growth and makes protein

S phase

DNA replication

G2

final checks

prophase

chromosomes condense and become visible

metaphase

chromosomes line up in the middle

anaphase

chromosomes get pulled to opposite ends

telophase

two nuclei form

cytokinesis

cytoplasm splits into two cells

transcription

DNA into mRNA

where does transcription and process take place

inside the nucleus

DNA unzips and a strand of mRNA is copied from it

mRNA travels out through nuclear pores to the ribosomes

translation

mRNA to protein

where does translation and process take place

at ribosomes (rough ER)

ribosomes read the mRNA code

tRNA brings the right amino acid to match each codon

amino acids are chained together to make a protein

DNA triplet

3 bases on DNA that code for one amino acid

mRNA codon

3 bases on mRNA, photocopy of the triplet

tRNA anticodon

3 bases of tRNA

matches the codon to bring the right amino acid

genetic code

64 codon-20 amino acids