Bio Exam 3 Vocabulary Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary related to Plantae, fungi, and plant reproductive cycles.

Plantae Synapomorphies

Chlorophyll a & b for photosynthesis, carotenoids as accessory pigments, double-membraned chloroplasts, sugars stored as starch, cell walls composed of cellulose and pectin, phragmoplast.

Chloroplasts

Organelles with a double membrane found in Plantae.

Chlorophyta

Green algae.

Chara

Freshwater, multicellular alga with a 3D haplontic life cycle.

Mitosis

Process where the nucleus divides from 2N parent to 2N daughter cells.

Meiosis

Process where the nucleus divides from 2N parent to 1N daughter cells.

Oedogonium

Filamentous green algae with a 1N body that undergoes fertilization to produce a diploid zygote.

Oogonium

The egg container in the reproductive structures.

Antheridium

The sperm container in the reproductive structures.

Haploid (1n)

Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

Diploid (2n)

Having two sets of chromosomes.

Zygnematophyceae

The closest living relatives to land plants.

Gras

A gene family associated with stress response in plants.

HGT

Horizontal gene transfer.

PYL

Hormone signaling, involves HGT from soil bacteria.

Hyphae

Branching filaments that make up the mycelium of fungi.

Mycelium

The mass of hyphae that serves as the feeding structure of fungi.

Fruiting bodies

Reproductive structures of fungi that produce spores.

Nematophagus fungi

Carnivorous fungi that feed on nematodes.

Plasmogamy

The fusion of cytoplasm from two cells.

Heterokaryotic

A fungal life stage with two separate haploid nuclei that have not yet fused.

Dikaryotic

A mycelium with two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent.

Karyogamy

The fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus.

Lichens

Small plants consisting of algae and fungi.

Primary successional colonizers

Lichens, which are often the first to colonize bare rock.

Mycorrhizae

Symbiotic relationships between fungal hyphae and plant roots.

Arbuscular/mycorrhizae

Type of mycorrhizae where fungal hyphae enter plant roots.

Ectomycorrhizae

Mycorrhizae where mycelium forms a dense sheath over root surfaces.

Armillaria

Also known as the root rot fungus and is the world's largest organism.

Chytridiomycosis

Chytrid fungal infection affecting amphibians.

Cordyceps

A parasitic fungus that alters host behavior.

Spoilers

Fungi that break down stored foods.

Prototaxites

Tall fungi that dominated landscapes 500 million years ago.

Non-vascular plants

Plants without tissues for transporting water and nutrients.

Bryophytes

Non-vascular plants such as mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Haplo-diplontic life cycle

Life cycle where the organism spends time in both haploid and diploid stages.

Sporophyte

The diploid spore-producing phase of a plant.

Gametophyte

The haploid stage in the life cycle of a plant that produces gametes.

Fertilization

The fusion of an egg and sperm cell.

Pollination

The transfer of pollen from male to female reproductive structures.

Waxy cuticle

A waterproof layer that prevents water loss in plants.

Stomate

A small pore in a leaf.

Lycophytes

Seedless vascular plants like club mosses.

Lycopodium

A type of club moss.

Selaginella

A type of spike moss.

Isoetes

A type of quillwort.

Vascular plants

Plants that have true vascular tissue.

Xylem

Vascular tissue that transports water.

Phloem

Living vascular tissue that carries sugars and organic substances.

Strobilus

A collection of sporophylls.

Sporophyll

A leaf that bears sporangia.

Sporangium

A spore container.

Spore mother cell

The cell that undergoes meiosis to generate spores.

Strobilus

A compact cluster of spore-bearing structures.

Homosporous

Producing one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte.

Heterosporous

Plants that produce two kinds of spores: microspores and megaspores.

Microspore

A male spore.

Megaspore

A female spore.

Bisexual gametophyte

A gametophyte that has both male and female reproductive organs.

Reproductive assurance

Mechanisms that increase reproduction success when incest is possible.

Pterophytes

Ferns and their relatives.

Roots

Structures that absorb water and minerals and anchor the plant.

Shoots

Support structures that transport water and minerals.

Leaves

Organs primarily for photosynthesis.

Dermal tissue

Protective covering of plants that prevents water loss.

Ground tissue

Tissue for support, storage, photosynthesis, and secretion.

Vascular tissue

Contains xylem and phloem for conduction.

Epidermal cells

Cells with cutin and wax for protection.

Guard cells

Cells that control the opening and closing of stomata.

Trichomes

Hair-like projections that reduce water evaporation and deter herbivores.

Root hairs

Extensions that increase root surface area for absorption.

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma

Types of ground tissue.

Meristematic cells

Cells undergoing mitosis at root tips.

Apical meristems

Regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots.

Lateral meristems

Meristems that add thickness to woody plants.

Translocations

Movement of sugars and organics through phloem by sieve tube cells.

Source vs sink

Source: Sugars produced in leaves; Sink: Cells utilizing sugars.

Seeded Plants

Plants that produce seeds, including gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Gymnosperms

Plants producing seeds that are exposed rather than enclosed.

Angiosperms

Flowering plants that form seeds inside a protective ovary.

Cones

Strobili separating megaspores and microspores.

Seed

Structure containing an embryo, enclosed in a resistant coat.

Seed coat

The outer covering of a seed.

Megaphyll

A leaf with a branched vascular system.

Nucellus

A retained megaspore within a fleshy megasporangium.

Pollen

Structure carrying the male gamete to the female gamete.

Integument

Protective covering within the seed.

Micropyle

A pore in the integuments of an ovule.

Ovule

Structure that contains an egg cell.

Microstrobili

Male cones.

Gametophytic tissue

Tissue that becomes stored food in seeds.

Flower

The reproductive structure of an angiosperm.

Ovary

Structure that encloses and protects ovules and seeds.

Stigma

The part of a flower that receives pollen.

Style

Connects the stigma to the ovary in a flower.

Stamen

The male part of a flower.

Anther

Part of the stamen that produces pollen.

Carpel

The female reproductive organ of a flower.

Antipodal cells

Three haploid cells in the mature embryo sac of flowering plants.

Double fertilization

Process in angiosperms where two sperm cells fertilize two cells.