a&p ch 22, 25

platelets

more than half of one’s blood _____________ are made by megakaryocytes in the lungs

turbinates

folds of tissue within the nasal cavity that ensures air makes contact with mucosal membranes

guard hairs

the nose has course _____________ that block debris from entering

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

nasal cavity, nasopharynx, trachea have ________________________ epithelium that sweeps mucus away from location so it can be swallowed

stratified squamous

oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and the beginning of the larynx have ______________ epithelium for protection against mechanical and chemical damage from food

simple columnar/cuboidal

bronchioles have _________________ epithelium that maintain tube structure where there is less cartilage in smallest diameter tubes

simple squamous

alveoli have _______________ epithelium that is thin to allow for efficient gas exchange

hyaline

_____________ cartilage is found in lower respiratory tract to maintain open airway but also has a little bit of give

areolar

lamina propria is an example of ___________ connective tissue underlying mucosal epithelium

elastic

___________ cartilage, found in the epiglottis, offers more flexibility and gives the ability to change shape

soft palate

structure that blocks the nasal cavity from oral cavity

air

_____ only passes through the nasopharynx

air, food

oropharynx and laryngopharynx are shared passageways for ______ and _______

larynx

“voice box” structure that acts as a switching mechanism for food and air

lamina propria

nasal cavity structure that has glands that secrete mucus as well as olfactory glands

larynx

the cartilage of the __________ doesn’t wrap all the way around which gives the esophagus room to expand while swallowing

glottis

vestibular folds help prevent objects from entering the ____________

phonation

sound production that comes from the vocal cords; different from articulation

trachealis

smooth muscle in the trachea that can change diameter to adjust air flow

right

if something goes down the trachea, it will most likely get stuck in the _______ bronchi because it is less angled and closer to the trachea

cilia

the trachea is lined with ________ that can perform a mechanism of debris removal where mucus acts like an elevator going up and out

bronchi

structures that transport air to and from the lungs

left

the ________ lung only has 2 lobes and has a cardiac notch where the heart rests

hilum

indented surface where blood vessels come into an organ, there is one in the lungs

friction

the double layer serous membrane of the pleural cavity is good for __________ reduction

stick

serous membrane of the lungs secretes watery fluid that creates a seal, causing the lungs to ________ to the thoracic wall which ensures they don’t over-deflate

decreases

as bronchi branch into bronchioles, the amount of cartilage ____________ to prevent large-scale changes to diameter

increases

as bronchi branch into bronchioles, the amount of smooth muscle ____________ to control the airflow

decrease

as bronchi branch into bronchioles, there is a ____________ in mucus production, don’t want to risk obstruction

pressure

alveolar pores help keep air __________ equal throughout alveoli; this is important because they are easily damaged

squamous

alveoli have ___________ epithelium that provides a flat surface which is most effective for diffusion

elastic

bands of _________ fibers surround alveoli and give runs the ability to stretch and recoil

sac

the alveolar ________ is the open space inside of the alveoli

macrophages

alveolar _____________ keep alveoli dust free by phagocytizing debris that made it past the mucus defense

quiet (eupnea)

type of breathing that uses primary respiratory muscles only for inhalation, exhalation is passive

forced

type of breathing that incorporates the accessory respiratory muscles to make changes to the size of the thoracic cavity in a way to move more air

increases

contraction of the diaphragm _____________ the volume of the thoracic cavity to aid in breathing

int intercostals, ext intercostals, diaphragm

muscles that are involved in inhalation

inversely

Boyle’s law states that pressure and volume are __________ related

collisions

pressure is determined by the _____________ of gas particles

elevate

during inspiration, the external intercostal muscles contract, which causes the ribs to ___________ and increase the volume of the thoracic cavity

relax

during expiration, diaphragm and ext intercostals __________, causing the volume of the thoracic cavity to decrease

equal

at rest, atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressures are ________ and there is no airflow

lower

during inspiration, intrapulmonary pressure is _____ than atmospheric pressure which causes air to flow into the lungs

higher

during expiration, intrapulmonary pressure is _________ than atmospheric pressure, causing air to flow out of the lungs

compliance

how easily lungs expand, as measured by a change in volume relative to a given change in pressure

greater

lower compliance requires ___________ force to fill lungs

decrease

anything that causes scar tissue or less connective tissue would cause a ____________ in compliance

tidal volume (TV)

the amount of air moved per breath

medulla oblongata

respiratory rhythmicity centers of the ______________ set the basic pattern and rate of respiratory muscle contraction

decrease

an increase in blood CO2 would cause a ____________ in pH

decreases

if an increase in blood CO2 is detected, breathing rate ___________

reflexes

the brain has some voluntary control over breathing, which includes inflation and deflation ____________

more

CO2 is ______ soluble in water than O2, meaning it diffuses quicker

saturated

hemoglobin is considered ____________ when O2 is bound at all sites

oxygenated

blood spends extra time in the pulmonary capillaries so that it can become fully ______________

steeper

the ____________ the concentration gradient is, the faster diffusion can occur

slower

at high altitudes, the pressure gradient is reduced which leads to _________ diffusion of O2

ventilation-perfusion

coupling mechanism that matches air flow and blood flow locally to optimize gas exchange

decreased

if there is decreased airflow, the response is ___________ blood flow

dilation

____________ of arterioles/bronchioles will cause in increase of flow

aerobic

RBCs use ___________ respiration, meaning there are no mitochondria

structure

binding of substances to hemoglobin changes its 3D _____________

low

when hemoglobin has _____ affinity, it gives up oxygen more readily

high

when hemoglobin has ______ affinity, it gives up less oxygen

buffer

hemoglobin can act as a _________ by binding H+ that would otherwise lower pH

compartments

the separation of steps into different ______________ in the digestive tract improves efficiency

accessory

the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas are all ______________ organs of the digestive system

hydrolysis

chemical digestion includes ___________ reactions that break macromolecules into monomers

compaction

the digestive process of absorbing water and consolidating indigestible residue into feces

mechanical

type of digestion that includes chewing in the mouth, churning in the stomach, and segmentation in the small intestine

swallowing

the tongue forms food into a bolus and pushes the bolus into the pharynx to begin the ____________ reflex

chyme

mixing waves of the stomach churn ingested materials and secretions into ________

peristalsis

process of contractions that moves chyme into the small and large intestines

mesenteries

many digestive organs are suspended by ____________ that secure them while also allowing for change in size and movement

intraperitoneal

when an organ is covered by serosa on all sides it is considered to be ______________; examples of this include stomach, liver, and parts of the small and large intestines

saliva

important secretion of the oral cavity that lubricates, aids in tasting food, and has digestive enzymes

frenulum

tissue that attaches tongue or lips

papillae

structures of the tongue that provide friction for mechanical digestion

dentin

living tissue in teeth that functions in shock absorbance

cement

calcified living tissue in teeth that connects the root to the periodontal ligament that runs below; what gets sealed during a root canal

oral

voluntary phase of swallowing that involves the tongue forming the bolus and pushing it into the laryngopharynx

pharyngeal

phase of swallowing that involves the palate, tongue, vocal cords, and epiglottis blocking everything other than the esophagus that the bolus gets pushed into

esophageal

phase of swallowing that involves peristalsis and relaxation of esophageal sphincter that lets the bolus pass into the stomach

muscularis mucosae

layer of the mucosa that does localized movement of muscle tissue

secretions

simple columnar epithelia will be found where there is a lot of ____________

oblique

the stomach has an additional muscular layer called the __________ layer that runs at an angle to intensify the mixing process

serosa

visceral peritoneum that is only present with abdominopelvic organs

plexuses

nerve ___________ can be found in the submucosa between circular and longitudinal muscle layers

glands

as bolus moves through the esophagus via peristalsis, it pushes on _________ that can secrete lubricant

longitudinal

the esophagus has ______________ folds that allow for expansion to accommodate bolus

cardiac orifice

opening into the stomach coming from the esophagus

inactivate

enzymes being added in the stomach will ______________ oral cavity enzymes and will activate other enzymes needed for chemical digestion

fundus

dome-like upper part that can be found above attachment points; stomach has one above the esophageal attachment

pylorus

narrow passage of the stomach into the duodenum

pyloric

the __________ end of the stomach acts as a pump that delivers small amounts of chyme into the duodenum

submucosa

most major blood vessels can be found in the _____________ layer

parietal

stomach cell that secretes IF and HCl; found in pyloric and gastric glands

chief

stomach cells that secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase; found in gastric glands and not pyloric

intrinsic factor (IF)

stomach secretion that is required for vitamin B12 absorption