Sociology Final Exam "review packets"

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods. (opportunities to leave rural communities and live in large cities)

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities (Employment opportunities)

Archivation

The government starts to record information about people

Rise of science and rationalization

People started to rely on science, calculability more. Doing things step by step, in a systematic way

Example of Rise of science

people can calculate how much money they need to put from their income into retirement funds

Example of rationalization

Applying for a driver's license, needs a permit first (step by step process)

Technological advancements

The development of transportation, communication, and medical technologies significantly altered how people interact, work, and live.

John Locke (Enlightenment)

Human progress is moving from darkness to light

Secularization

The act or process of converting something from religious to secular possession or us

Marxist Theory (Secularization Vs. Religion)

He saw that religion was a way to mask the inequalities occurring in the world.

Durkheimian theory (Secularization Vs. Religion)

Rituals are essential for religion. (Sacred Vs. Profane)

Profane

showing contempt toward sacred things

Weberian theory (Secularization Vs. Religion)

world religion has an effect on social change (Protestantism gave rise to capitalism)

Pluralization

A situation in which "more and more people live amid competing beliefs, values, and lifestyles" a situation that has "profound effects on religion"

Cultural Pluralism

after modernity, different worlds and cultures are coming in contact and possibly bringing conflicts

Structural pluralism

a division of public vs private comes with modernity

Public sphere

Government, Law, an healthcare

Private sphere

Family, religion, and sexuality

Bureaucratization

The process of organizing an institution into a formalized structure with a well-defined hierarchy, division of labor, and standards of operation (Interacting as an individual with corporations and institutions)

Example of Bureaucratization

driver's license - going to DMV, driving school, federal government, state government - finding different institutions to accomplish this task as an individual

Temporalization

Coordinate activities toward the clock meaning we stepped away from nature (Not waking to the sun, but to an alarm)

Deinstitutionalization

Background and foreground positions that people were a part of change in structure

Individualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Private sphere= deinstitutionalized

factors are not taken for granted, people are free to make their own choices

Public sphere= hyper-institutionalized

Choices are not as individualized, society is a large influential factor

Idea of progress

we progress passed what our ancestors would expect in terms of tech and thought

Coleman (Modernity)

There is also a difference in power between the person and the corporate actor. (People become replaceable in modernity)

Berger (Modernity)

Since modernity, people feel confused and anxious about all the individuality they have because it means that multiple groups can define their lives. (The homeless mind)

Example of Berger (Modernity)

The bank might control your life in monetary ways, and the government can influence your life in legal ways

Hunter (Modernity)

The traditional definition of adulthood is changing, the transition to adulthood is becoming more prolonged and uncertain. (Wither Adulthood)

Example of Hunter (Modernity)

young people take longer to complete their education, establish careers, and start families

Social Stratification

structured inequalities between groups of people in different classes, races, and genders

Intersectionality

Belief that multiple group memberships affect our lives in distinction from just one group

Structured inequalities

social inequalities that result from patterns in the social structure

System of stratification

the institutions and ideas that permit or limit the distribution of prestige, status, and opportunities in life

Slavery

A social system where one person is owned by another individual as property

Caste

Social system where a person's role is permanent throughout their entire life

Class system

a system of social hierarchy that allows individuals to move among classes

Bourgeoisie (Marxian theory)

A social class that owns the means of production

The proletariat (Marxian theory)

people who sell their labor for wages

Alienation (Marxian theory)

When a worker feels alienated from their humanity because they can only express their humanity through industrial production, they are a tool/machine, not a person.

Communism (Marxian theory)

A social system in which the means of production are owned by everyone in common.

Class (Weberian theory)

Class is one's relation to the means of production

Status (Weberian theory)

social honor/prestige given by other members of society because of their membership in a group (their party).

Forms of orders (Weberian theory)

Social order, Economic order, Legal order

Social order (Weberian theory)

Distribution of Status, honor, or prestige

Economic order (Weberian theory)

Distribution of economic resources and access

Legal order (Weberian theory)

Distribution of power in the legal system

Embodied (Bourdieu)

linked to the body of the individual, bodily appearance, work on yourself

Institutionalized (Bourdieu)

Qualifications can be used in the job market to exchange them for economic capital

Objectified (Bourdieu)

works of art, writings, cultural capital in physical objects, can be passed down not exchanged for money, but passed down because of their cultural value.

Economic capital (Bourdieu)

Economic resources one has, money

Social capital (Bourdieu)

social connections, could be institutionalized into titles, membership in a group, family, political party

Social reproduction

the act of passing social inequality through generations

Social reproduction (Hochschild)

1) More and more women are entering the workforce but the workforce isn't changing for them making it a very difficult transition (The Stalled revolution)
2) There is a wage gap and a leisure gap-women don't get paid as much but also have to work two shifts-one at the office one at home

Social reproduction (Barbara Ehrenreich)

There is financial instability. Income varies from week to week. Working class poor cannot hold a stable job, so they do not have money for rent or meals. They have low energy from all the physical labor their jobs do ask of them.

Race

social construct based on the color of skin or the way someone look

Ethnicity

the relationship between an individual and an ethnic group (The Kurds)

In American Slavery (Patterson)

Slaves were non-persons They had no social existence outside of their master, none of their relationships were seen as legitimate, no legal marriage. Loss of ties in both ascending and descending generations. No legal claim to their own children. Master as the only mediator between the slave and the Social life. Natal alienation.

Color blind Racism

racism that does not acknowledge the historical injustices of certain marginalized groups. Racism without racists. Allows people with privilege to pretend to not be seeing the inequalities and differences in society.

White privileges

the institutional and interpersonal privileges people are granted based on their whiteness.

Means of production

The means of producing material goods (factories, businesses)

White privileges (Peggy McIntosh)

invisible knapsack": white people carry privileges that they don't realize they have.

Example of White privileges (Peggy McIntosh)

1) people not asking "What are you?"
2) Feeling safe around police officers

Institutional Racism

racism against certain races and ethnicities enforced by the traditions and biases of the ruling class

Systemic Racism

racism that is baked into the way that infrastructure rules our society, legal system, police brutality

Double consciousness & Veil (DuBois)

1) The dual self-perception minority groups face because of the oppressive society we live in question
2) The veil prevents black people from ever feeling truly seen

The Philadelphia Negro (DuBois)

addressing the issues of the black community and the pressures they face

Race and Roots through Appalachia (Karina Brown)

1) Paternalistic capitalism and the coal industry
- Model towns being created4
- Engineering society
- Racial contract
2) The great migration or the great escape?
- Unable to pass on origin stories
- Circumstances caused them to leave the south

Feminist theory

A sociological perspective that emphasizes the centrality of gender in examining society and the experience of women

Sex

Biological and Anatomical differences

Gender

Social construction

Gender role of socialization

the learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, media, and families

Social construction of gender

the learning of gender roles through socialization and interaction with others

Hegemonic masculinity

social norms that state that men should be strong and unemotional

Gender inequality:

inequality in privileges afforded based on the gender of the individual

Traditional (Gender strategies & the family myth)

Women do all the housework and accept that their husbands will be the only one with a job

Transitional (Gender strategies & the family myth)

husband is ok with wife having a job but she is still expected to do all of the cooking and cleaning after work, husband identifies with work while wife identifies exclusively with home

Egalitarian (Gender strategies & the family myth)

wants to identify with the same spheres their spouse does, and to have an equal amount of power in the marriage. Some want the couple to be jointly oriented to the home. Others to their careers, or both of them to jointly hold some balance between the two

Hidden curriculum

the underlying practices that exist in schools to enforce gender roles by disciplining the body to make them appear and feel natural

Five sets of practices

1) Girls have to dress up more
2) Teachers are ok with putting their hands on the girls but not boys
3) Girls told not to be as rough when playing
4) Controlling their voices
5) Allowing relaxed behaviors or enforcing formal behaviors

Family (Before modernity)

1) In antiquity: survival, procreation, endogamy, pragmatic and economic reasons
2) After Christianity: self-denial, "courtly love" in middle ages
3) After Reformation: adultery is rebuked, and a combination of "Courtly love" from the Middle Ages + marriage exclusivity = monogamous marriages, implying love

Family (After Modernity)

1) Mate selection and private sphere gets deinstitutionalized
Family moves to the "foreground"
2) Adapted to capitalism and capitalist market
3) Marriage becomes an option
4) Extended VS nuclear families
5) Affective individualism: the belief in romantic attachment as a basis for contracting marriage ties
6) Pure relationship

Family

a group of individuals related to one another by blood ties, marriage, or adoption, who form an economic unit. (The adult members are responsible for the upbringing of the children)

Kinship

a relation that links individuals through blood ties, marriage, or adoption

Marriage

a permanent social and legal contract and relationship between two people that is based on mutual rights and obligations among the spouses

Monogamy

a marriage dynamic where you are only allowed one spouse at a time

Polygamy

a form of marriage in which a person (male or female) may have two or more spouses simultaneously

Polygyny

a form of marriage in which a man can simultaneously have two or more wives

Polyandry

a form of marriage in which a woman can simultaneously have two or more husbands

Primary socialization

the process by which children learn the cultural norms and expectations for behavior of the society in which they are born, occurs largely in the family

Personality stabilization

according to functionalist theory, family plays a crucial role in assisting its adult members emotionally; marriage is the arrangement through which personalities are supported and kept healthy

Immigration

movement to a country/place (Usually from developing countries to developed countries)

Emigration

Movement out of a country/place

Push factors (Migration)

factors that make someone want to leave a country, these include war, famine, lack of political structure.

Pull factors (Migration)

factors that attract someone to a new country, these include better economic climate, weather, and political stability.

Macro (Migration)

the movement of large groups of people on an international/global scale (Bigger scale, movement due to the Holocaust)

Micro (Migration)

Usually on a national scale, within a country, state, or region, of only a few individuals (move for work, on individualistic scale)

Global migration

the movement of people internationally, rose sharply after modernity, largely due to technology

The classic model (Migration)

A country encourages immigration & promises citizenship to newcomers (restrictions and quotas apply)
1) US
2) Canada