Globalisation and crime

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16 Terms

1
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What did Held say?

states that the globalisation of crime is the growing interconnectedness of crime across national borders, sometimes referred to as the transnational organised crime.

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What did Castells say?

CASTELLS argues that there is now a global criminal economy of over £1 Trillion per annum.

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Globalisation and new types of crime

  1. Drugs Trade

  2. Human trafficking

  3. Financial crimes

  4. Cyber crimes

  5. Transnational organised crime

  6. Terrorism

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Drugs trade

The global drugs trade is now worth over $300 billion per year.

Drugs are often cultivated in third world countries such as Colombia, Peru and Afghanistan which have large impoverished populations so drugs is an attractive trade as it requires little investment but commands high prices especially in the western world.

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Human trafficking

Can include the trafficking of women and children as well as illegal immigrants and human body parts. It is estimated that over 2000 organs per year are trafficked from condemned or executed criminals. Women and children are often trafficked for sex trade or slavery, it is estimated the over half a million people are trafficked to western European annually

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Financial crimes

Such as money laundering have become much easier with the relaxing of international banking laws meaning that people are able to move money between offshore accounts much easier or to haven countries where national laws do not allow law enforcement access to accounts.

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Cyber crime

Cyber crime has developed out of the growth in technology and take a number of forms including cyber fraud, cyber theft, cyber terrorism and cyber violence. It is a transnational crime as the hacker can be in one country whilst hacking a system in a another country.

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Transnational organised crime

There has been a growth in organised crime networks based on economic links. Glenny calls these “McMafia” which developed from the deregulation of global markets and the fall of the soviet union. Additionally the old school mafias such as the Italian mafia and the triads began to disperse around the world, especially in place like the USA.

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Terrorism

There has been a growth in organised crime networks based on economic links. Glenny calls these “McMafia” which developed from the deregulation of global markets and the fall of the soviet union. Additionally the old school mafias such as the Italian mafia and the triads began to disperse around the world, especially in place like the USA.

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What are the impacts of globalisation on crime?

  1. Individualism

  2. Opportunities

  3. Disorganised capitalism

  4. Risk society

  5. Problems with policing

  6. More inequality

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Individualism

BAUMAN – Growing individualism and consumer culture means that individuals are left to weigh the costs and benefit of their decisions and choose the best course to bring them the highest rewards. This can lead to people taking part in criminal activity in order to achieve the consumer lifestyle which is otherwise unobtainable

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Opportunities

Growing globalisation, technological advancements and communications has led to newer types of crime as well as new ways in which to carry out crime. In particular places like the Dark Web which allow criminals to communicate and conduct crimes whilst undetected. Additionally crimes can be committed in one nation whilst the criminal is in a different country.

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Disorganised capitalism

LASH AND URRY – increased deregulation and fewer state controls over business and finance. Corporations now act transnationally moving money, manufacturing, waste disposal and staff around the world to increase profits and lower regulation. TAYLOR - This has led to greater job insecurity, less social cohesion and fewer job opportunities in the west which can increase crime rates.

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Risk society

BECK – Growing instability in the globalised world has led to people being more risk conscious. The causes of the risks are often global in nature which can make it hard to pinpoint who is responsible and the media can play on this fear. These fears can lead to hate crimes and racially motivated crimes.

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Problems with policing

Due to crimes becoming transnational in requires cooperation between many different law enforcement agencies to bring the criminals to justice. Additionally what maybe illegal in one country is not in another and if the criminal is one country and the victim in another it can be difficult to determine jurisdiction.

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More inequality

TAYLOR – globalisation creates new patterns of inequality. The winners from the process are the rich financial investors and transnational corporations, where are the losers are the workers . The disadvantaged in both the developing and developed world are faced with greater insecurity and greater relative deprivation which then feeds criminal behaviour.