Anatomy & Physiology: The Respiratory, Digestive, & Urinary Systems

what is the process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells?

respiration

what is the movement of air in and out of the lungs?

ventilation

what is the exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the blood?

external respiration

what is the exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells?

internal respiration

what is the oxygen use and production of carbon dioxide by body cells?

cellular respiration

the respiratory system provides __________ for aerobic respirations and eliminates ______________ at the appropriate rate to maintain the pH internally.

oxygen, carbon dioxide

what are the four organs of the upper respiratory tract?

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea

what are the three main parts of the upper respiratory tract?

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

what part of the respiratory system is for warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air, and is involved in sound production?

upper respiratory tract

what are the four parts of the lower respiratory tract?

larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

air passes through the organs of the respiratory system, and are lined with:

mucous membranes

what is the flap of tissue that closes over the trachea during swallowing?

epiglottis

what is the opening to the trachea that gets covered by a flap of tissue?

glottis

what is superior to the trachea and houses the vocal cords?

larynx

what are the bones in the nasal cavity that increases its surface area and are covered in mucous membranes?

nasal conchae

what is the passageway for food from the oral cavity to the esophagus and for air moving from the nasal cavity to the larynx?

pharynx

what are the three parts of the pharynx?

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

what part of the pharynx is behind the nasal cavity?

nasopharynx

what part of the pharynx is behind the oral cavity?

oropharynx

what part of the pharynx is behind the larynx?

laryngopharynx

what are air filled spaces that reduce the weight of the skull and contain mucous membranes?

sinuses

what is located anterior to the esophagus and extends into the thoracic cavity, then splits into right and left bronchi?

trachea

what is the windpipe that conducts air to bronchi, lined with cilia and mucus to trap particles?

trachea

what filters, warms, humidifies air, and also traps particles with mucus?

nasal cavity

what type of tissue lines the nasal cavity?

columnar epithelium

what tissue is responsible for absorption, secretion, and movement in the digestive tract?

columnar epithelium

what is the part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and a slit-like opening between them, affecting voice modulation through expansion or contraction?

glottis

what is the flap made of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane attached to the entrance of the larynx?

epiglottis

all gas exchanges are made by:

diffusion

what is the order that oxygen passes through?

alveoli, capillary, tissue cells

what is the order that carbon dioxide passes through?

tissue cells, capillary, alveoli

what is arterial blood rich in?

oxygen

what is arterial blood poor in?

carbon dioxide

what is venous blood rich in?

carbon dioxide

what is venous blood poor in?

oxygen

most oxygen is transported bound to _______________ inside the red blood cells:

hemoglobin

most carbon dioxide is carried in the form of bicarbonate ions in the:

plasma

carbon monoxide competes with ___________ for binding sites:

oxygen

what is the outer layer of the pleura that lines the chest wall?

parietal pleura

what is the inner layer of pleura that surrounds each lung?

visceral pleura

what reduces friction between the lungs and chest wall?

pleural cavity

what is the fluid that surrounds the lungs within the pleural space, a cavity between the lung and the chest wall?

pleural fluid

what is the temporary cessation of breathing?

apnea

what is normal respiration called?

eupnea

what is difficult or labored breathing called?

dyspnea

what is low oxygen saturation of the body, not enough oxygen in the blood?

hypoxia

what are the four main parts of the lower respiratory system?

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

what is the air flow pathway from upper to lower respiratory system?

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar, alveoli

what type of lung disease is where airflow is blocked and lungs can't full exhale?

obstructive

what type of lung disease is where lung tissue is stiff or damaged, and lungs can't fully expand?

restrictive

what do you call extra air inhaled beyond normal?

inspiratory reserve volume

what do you call extra air exhaled beyond normal?

expiratory reserve volume

what do you call normal breath volume?

tidal volume

what do you call the total usable lung volume?

vital capacity

what do you call the air left after max exhalation?

residual volume

what do you call the vital capacity + residual volume?

total lung capacity

what do you call inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume?

vital capacity

what muscles are used in normal breathing?

diaphragm and external intercostals

what muscles are used in forced inhalation?

sternocleidomastoid and scalene

what muscles are used in forced exhalation?

internal intercostals, abdominal

during inhalation, the diaphragm ____________, lung volume _______________, pressure _______________, air flows _____.

contracts, increases, decreases, in

during exhalation, diaphragm _____________, lung volume _____________, pressure _____________, air flows _____.

relaxes, decreases, increases, out

higher altitudes and lower oxygen levels can lead to:

hypoxia

what are the six parts of digestion in order?

ingestion, propulsion, mechanical breakdown, chemical digestion, absorption, defecation

what are the eight parts of the digestive tract?

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

what are the two parts to propulsion?

swallowing and peristalsis

is swallowing voluntary or involuntary?

voluntary

what do you call the waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system?

peristalsis

is peristalsis voluntary or involuntary?

involuntary

what type of muscles allow for peristalsis?

smooth muscles

what are the three accessory organs to chemical digestion?

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

what do you call the condition characterized by fibrosis of the lungs and an increase in the size of the alveolar chambers?

emphysema

what is the condition characterized by increased mucus production, which clogs respiratory passageways and promotes coughing?

chronic bronchitis

what is the condition where respiratory passageways are narrowed by bronchiolar spasms?

asthma

what is the incidence strongly associated with cigarette smoking?

lung cancer

what is the infection spread by airborne bacteria, with an alarming increase in drug users and AIDS survivors?

tuberculosis

what has mechanical digestion through chewing and chemical digestion through saliva enzymes?

mouth

what moves food to the stomach by peristalsis?

esophagus

what does mechanical digestion by churning food and uses acid/enzymes for chemical digestion?

stomach

what is the main site of nutrient absorption, using enzymes from the pancreas and the liver?

small intestine

what absorbs water and forms feces?

large intestine

what produces bile to help digest fats?

liver

what releases digestive enzymes to the small intestine?

pancreas

what stores or releases bile for breaking down fats?

gallbladder

where does ingestion happen?

mouth

where does propulsion happen?

esophagus

where does mechanical digestion happen?

mouth and stomach

where does chemical digestion happen?

mouth, stomach, small intestine

where does absorption happen?

small intestine

where does defecation happen?

large intestine

what is the protective lining of digestive organs from acidic and enzyme damage, and also helps food move smoothly?

mucus

what are the major enzymes for digesting carbs?

amylase

what type of enzyme is found in saliva and the pancreas?

amylase

what type of enzyme is for digesting fats and is found in the pancreas?

lipase

what type of enzyme is for digesting proteins?

pepsin and trypsin

what type of enzyme is found in the stomach?

pepsin

what is the process by which enzymes break down food into small molecules that the body can use?

chemical digestion

what is the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces?

mechanical digestion

increased carbon dioxide levels leads to __________ ph levels

decreased

decreased carbon dioxide levels leads to _________ ph levels

increased