optional ne202 final exam

[1] = Brief history of CogNeurosci [2] = Structure and function of the nervous system [3] = Methods of CogNeurosci [4] = Hemispheric specialization [8] = Action [5] = Sensation and perception [6] = Object recognition [7] = Attention [9] = Memory [10] = Emotion [11] = Language [12] = Cognitive control [13] = Social cognition

[3] Strengths & Weaknesses of Cognitive Neuroscience Methods (e.g., EEG/ERP, ECOG, fMRI, TMS, VLSM, structural MRI, DTI/DWI, PET, MEG ...) – Spatial resolution, timing resolution, causality, invasiveness, sensitivity to neurotransmitters, etc.

• VLSM = Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping

  • …

• Causal

  • TMS = Transcranial magnetic stimulation

    • poor spatial resolution

    • unpredictable temporal resolution

    • non-invasive

    • ! Can be essentially a “transient lesion”

    • X low risk of seizure

    • X mild discomfort

  • DBS = deep brain stimulation

    • better spatial resolution

    • good temporal resolution

    • invasive (surgically implanted)

    • X mild discomfort

    • not used as a research technique but in treatment of neurological disorders → major application in Parkinson’s

• Correlational

  • structural imaging

    • CT = Computerized Tomography

      • relatively cheap + quick

      • X radiation exposure

      • X less detail than MRI (lower sensitivity)

    • MRI = Magnetic Resonance Imaging

      • ! better spatial resolution than CT

      • better imaging of soft tissues

      • X expensive

      • X takes longer

      • X bad for claustrophobic people

    • DTI/DWI = Diffusion Tensor Imaging

      • shows white matter connectivity

      • most sensitive for characterizing brain matter

      • low temporal resolution

      • X uses MRI scanner: takes longer, bad for claustrophobic people

  • functional studies

    • scalp recordings

      • EEG = Electro-encephalographic recording

        • poor spatial resolution

        • good temporal resolution

        • correlational type of study → functional studies → scalp recordings → EEG and MEG

        • non-invasive (electrodes on scalp)

        • ***sensitivity to NTs?

        • X skull interference

      • MEG = Magneto-Encephalographic signal

        • better spacial resolution

        • better temporal resolution

        • correlational type of study → functional studies → scalp recordings → EEG and MEG

        • non-invasive (since MEG gradiometers sit above skull, can be combined with EEG cap for simultaneous recordings)

        • X expensive

        • ! no signal distortion

      • ERP = event related potential

        • average of many trials of a relative weak EEG signal

        • MEG version is event related field ERF

    • ECOG = Electro-Corticogram

      • great spacial resolution

        • ! no skull interference

      • great temporal resolution

      • correlational type of study → functional studies → intracranial EEG (ECoG)

      • very invasive (surgically Implanted electrodes)

      • ! good for mapping cortical functions

    • functional imaging

      • PET = Positron Emission Tomography

      • fMRI = Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

      • FNIRS = Functional near infrared spectroscopy

        • lower spatial resolution than fMRI

        • noninvasive (images through the skull)

        • uses infrared light to measure changes in hemodynamic responses (somewhat similar to fMRI)

        • significantly cheaper and more transportable than fMRI

        • X technology still in development

[9] Taxonomy of multiple memory systems

[9] Patient H.M. – surgery and memory properties

[9] Memory Patients RB, KF, KC & Clive Wearing

[8 and 5] Sensory & Motor Map representations in the brain

[8] Brain-Computer Interfaces

[8] Population Vector Coding

[5] Cochlear Implants

[10 and 13] Functional roles of Amygdala

[13] Functional roles of Anterior Cingulate Cortex

[10] Flashbulb Memories

[8] Deep Brain Stimulation

[8] Basal Ganglia dysfunction in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s Diseases

[8] Basal Ganglia structures

[11] Chomsky’s Views on Language

[11] Anatomy of the Language Network

[7 and 13] Default Mode Network

[2] Brodmann Areas

[2] Sulcus, Gyrus, Fissure

[8] Location of Primary Sensory & Motor Cortices

[5] Hierarchical Processing in the Visual System

[6] Face Processing Network

[3 and 6] Double Dissociation

[13] Biological Motion Perception

[13] Theory of Mind & Brain structures

[3] fMRI – block-design vs. event-related

[11] Speech Phonology Processing - Perceptual influences

[9] Brain Structures supporting episodic memory encoding, storage and retrieval

[] Brain Structures supporting working memory

[9] Baddeley Model of Working Memory

[9] Double dissociation for STM & LTM

[9] Retrograde, Anterograde amnesia

[9] Hebb’s Rule

[9] Memory consolidation

[9] Semantic Dementia

[9] Alzheimer’s disease

[9] Mild Cognitive Impairment

[9] Cognitive Maps

[9] Grid cells & Place cells

[9] Relational Memory Theory

[9] ‘Simple model’ of episodic memory circuitry

[9] Subsequent Memory Task

[7] Dorsal and Ventral Attentional Control systems

[7] Endogeneous vs Exogenous attention

[4] Spatial Neglect – phenomena, underlying brain damage

[2] Phrenology & its discrediting

[9] Implicit Memory

[7] Premotor Theory of Attention

[7] Capacity Limits in Attention & supporting brain structures

[11] Dual-Route Model of Reading

[11] ERPs of Language Comprehension

[12] Dual Systems of Cognition/Decision Making

[11] Broca’s, Wernicke’s Areas & Aphasias and related brain structures

[11] Alexia w/o Agraphia

[11] Visual Word Form Area

[13] Theory of Mind, Mentalization

[13] Mindblindness

[10] LeDoux Model of Emotional Processing

[10] Anderson & Adolphs Model of Emotional Process

[9] Working Memory & Long-term memory

[10] Fear Conditioning

[7] Saliency Map & Priority Map

[7] Change Blindness & Inattentional Blindness

[8] Go Signal (motor system)

[8 and 13] Mirror neurons & Mirror neuron network

[4] Split Brain Surgery

[???] Structural vs. Metabolic/Functional Brain Deficits

[4] Split Brain & Language

[1] Representation & Transformation of Information in the Brain

[1] Barlow’s Neuron Doctrine

[1] Marr’s 3 Levels of Explanation

[2 and 13] Phineas Gage

[3] Belmont Report & its principles

[3] Causal & Correlational Research Methods

[2] Coronal, Sagittal & Axial views of the brain

[2] Ventral-Dorsal, Anterior-Posterior, Medial-Lateral, and Rostral-Caudal directions

[3] Resolution & Field of View in recording methods

[9 and 12???] Functional role of ventral striatum

[13] Implicit Bias and the IAT

[13] Role of RH Temporal Parietal Junction in social cog

[13] Orbitofrontal damage & social cognition

[10] PTSD & Extinction – Brain circuitry

[12] Rule switching & Pre-frontal cortex

[12] Inhibitory Control of Action

[12] Stroop Effect

[12] Anterior Cingulate Cortex Function

[12] Role of Dopamine in Valuation/Reward

[12] Language Capacity of Great Apes

[12] Marshmallow Test expts

[13] Empathy Processing