APES UNIT 6

THE MAJOR COMPONENT OF GAS?

METHANE

WHAT IS THE SAFEST WAY TO STORE RADIOACTIVE WASTE? HOW LONG MUST IT BE STORED BEFORE IT IS SAFE?

WASTE IS STORED IN WATER-FILLED POOLS AND TRANSFERRED TO DRY CASKS FILLED WITH INERT HELIUM GAS AFTER SEVERAL YEARS OF COOLING. IT MUST BE STORED FOR ABOUT 50 YEARS BEFORE IT IS SAFE.

WAYS TO COOL A BUILDING

LIVING ROOF, OPEN WINDOWS, LIGHT-COLORED ROOF

WAYS TO HEAT A BUILDING

FACE THE BUILDING SOUTH TO CATCH THE SUN

WHAT IS A BENEFIT OF MEETING CAFE STANDARDS SET BY THE EPA?

LESS CO2 EMISSIONS

THE MAJOR SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IS...

BIOMASS

US SUBSIDIZES ETHANOL FROM CORN BECAUSE...

LOW NET ENERGY YIELDS

EXAMPLES OF BIOFUELS:

METHANOL, ETHANOL, BIODIESEL

TRUE OR FALSE: PROPANE IS A BIOFUEL

FALSE

WHAT IS THE WORLD'S FASTEST GROWING WAY TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY?

SOLAR CELLS

WHICH COUNTRIES OBTAIN MORE THAN 90% OF ELECTRICITY FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES

COSTA RICA AND ICELAND

WHAT IS THE WORLD'S LEADING RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY?

HYDROPOWER

WHICH NATION IS THE LARGEST PER CAPITA CONSUMER OF COAL?

US

WHICH REGION HAS THE LEAST POTENTIAL FOR HYDROPOWER EXPANSION?

US

THE WORLD'S SECOND-FASTEST GROWING ENERGY RESOURCE IS...

WIND POWER

THE FUTURE OF ENERGY SYSTEMS INCLUDES IMPROVED EFFICIENCY AND TEMPORARY USE OF...

NATURAL GAS

MATERIAL FROM SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL RODS NEEDS TO BE STORED FOR HOW MANY YEARS?

240,000

OIL REFINING SEPARATES THE COMPONENTS OF CRUDE OIL BY...

BOILING POINT

THE CHIEF INGREDIENT OF MOST SOLAR CELLS IS...

SILICON

WHAT ARE COMMON METHODS IN PRODUCING H2 GAS?

STRIPPING GAS FROM METHANE, STRIPPING GAS FROM GASOLINE MOLECULES, PASSING ELECTRICITY THROUGH WATER

WHAT IS NOT A COMMON METHOD IN PRODUCING H2 GAS?

REMOVING FROM ATMOSPHERE

THE LARGEST HUMAN-CAUSED SOURCE OF METHANE IS...

DAMS

NUCLEAR ENERGY IS AFFORDABLE BECAUSE...

GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES

THE ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR CELLS INCLUDE...

MODERATE NET ENERGY YEILD, LITTLE OR NO DIRECT EMISSIONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE, EASY TO INSTALL AND EXPAND AS NEEDED

WHAT IS NOT AN ADVANTAGE OF SOLAR CELLS?

ELECTRICITY STORAGE SYSTEMS ARE READILY AVAILABLE

OIL SAND DOES NOT CONTAIN

COAL

TAPPING 2% OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE US COULD PRODUCE HOW MUCH OF ENERGY NEEDS?

2000 TIMES THE CURRENT ANNUAL USE OF ELECTRICITY

WHAT IS AN ADVANTAGE OF CONVERTING COAL TO SNG

SULFUR IS REMOVED

GASOLINE CAN BE SEPARATED FROM OIL THROUGH THE PROCESS OF...

REFINING

IN THE US, ETHANOL IS MOSTLY MADE FROM...

CORN AND CRUDE OIL

WHAT IS NOT TRUE ABOUT PASSIVE AND ACTIVE SOLAR ENERGY?

LOW INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS

WHAT ENERGY SOURCE HAS A LOW ENERGY VALUE?

NUCLEAR ENERGY

IN A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT, WHERE DOES THE ENERGY COME FROM TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY?

WATER IS BOILED TO PRODUCE STEAM THAT SPINS A TURBINE AND GENERATES ELECTRICITY. NUCLEAR FISSION PROVIDES HEAT TO BOIL THE WATER WHICH OCCURS WHEN THE NUCLEI OF CERTAIN ISOTOPES WITH LARGE MASS NUMBERS SPLIT APART INTO LIGHTER NUCLEI WHEN STRUCK BY A NEUTRON AND RELEASE ENERGY. THIS RESULTS IN A CHAIN REACTION THAT RELEASES AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT OF ENERGY.

WHICH COUNTRY HAS THE LARGEST PROVEN OIL RESERVES?

VENEZUELA (18%)

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON METHOD OF PRODUCING HYDROGEN GAS?

BUILDING A HIGH DAM ACROSS A LARGE RIVER TO CREATE A RESERVOIR. SOME OF THE WATER STORED IS ABLE TO FLOW THROUGH LARGE PIPES WHICH CAUSE BLADES ON A TURBINE TO SPIN A GENERATOR TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY. ALSO, FUEL CELLS CAN BE USED THAT COMBINE H2 AND OXYGEN GAS TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY AND WATER VAPOR.

COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF CONVERTING COAL TO SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS

ADVANTAGES: LARGE POTENTIAL SUPPLY IN MANY COUNTRIES, VEHICLE FUEL, LOWER AIR POLLUTION THAN COAL
DISADVANTAGES: LOW NET ENERGY, REQUIRED TO MINE 50% MORE COAL, HIGH CO2 EMISSIONS, LAND DISTURBANCE, WATER POLLUTION, LARGE WATER USE

HOW ARE THE COMPONENTS OF CRUDE OIL SEPARATED?

THE MOST EFFICIENT WAY TO SEPARATE THEM INTO SMALLER FRACTIONS IS BY A PROCESS CALLED FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION IS WHEN A MIXTURE OF LIQUIDS IS BOILED AND THE RESULTING VAPORS TRAVEL UP A GLASS TUBE CALLED A "FRACTIONATING COLUMN" AND SEPARATE.

WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL SOURCES OF CRUDE OIL?

BENEATH LAYERS OF NONPOROUS ROCK WITHIN THE EARTH'S CRUST ON LAND OR UNDER THE SEAFLOOR. THE CRUDE OIL IN SUCH DEPOSITS IS DISPERSED IN THE MICROSCOPIC PORES AND CRACKS OF THESE ROCK FORMATIONS.

WHAT IS THE DISADVANTAGE OF USING OIL SHALE AND OIL SANDS (HEAVY CRUDE OIL) AS AN ENERGY SOURCE?

LOW NET ENERGY, ROCK WASTE, POSSIBLE LEAKS OF EXTRACTED KEROGEN, WASTEWATER, HIGH WATER USE

WHERE ARE 3/4 OF THE WORLD'S TAR SANDS?

NORTHEASTERN ALBERTA IN CANADA

WHICH COUNTRY HAS THE LARGEST PROVEN RESERVES OF COAL?

THE UNITED STATES WITH 27%

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL GAS OVER FOSSIL FUELS?

DOMESTIC AVAILABILITY, ESTABLISHED DISTRIBUTION NETWORK, RELATIVELY LOW COST, AND EMISSION BENEFITS

THE PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY WASTED IN THE US?

58%

COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF USING CONVENTIONAL CRUDE OIL AS AN ENERGY SOURCE

ADVANTAGES- AMPLE SUPPLY FOR SEVERAL DECADES, NET ENERGY IS MEDIUM BUT DECREASING, LOW LAND DISRUPTION, EFFICIENT DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
DISADVANTAGES - WATER POLLUTION FROM OIL LEAKS AND SPILLS, ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS NOT INCLUDED IN MARKET PRICE, RELEASES CO2 AND OTHER AIR POLLUTANTS WHEN BURNED, VULNERABLE TO INTERNATIONAL SUPPLY INTERRUPTIONS

WHICH POLLUTANTS ARE RELEASED WHEN BURNING COAL?

CO2 AND SULFUR DIOXIDE

WHAT IS THE WORLD'S FASTEST-GROWING WAY TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY?

SOLAR CELLS

WHY IS IT LESS OF AN IMPACT ON CLIMATE CHANGE TO USE BIOMASS FUELS?

BIOMASS IS ORGANIC MATTER FOUND IN PLANTS OR PLANT-RELATED MATERIAL (WOOD AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES). IT IS WIDELY AVAILABLE, HAS MODERATE COSTS, MEDIUM NET ENERGY, NO NET CO2 INCREASE IF USED SUSTAINABLY, AND PLANTATIONS CAN HELP RESTORE DEGRADED LANDS

WHICH COUNTRY IS THE LARGEST PRODUCE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY?

US

WHAT IS THE COMMON METHOD OF PRODUCING HYDROGEN GAS?

STEAM METHAN REFORMATION

WHAT IS THE WORLD'S SECOND FASTEST WAY TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY?

WIND POWER

CALCULATE HALF-LIFE PROBLEMS

MULTIPLY THE ORIGNAL SAMPLE BY (1/2)^N
N\=NUMBER OF HALF LIVES

WHAT IS AN ADVANTAGE OF MASS TRANSIT?

AIR-QUALITY IMPROVEMENTS, LESS LAND CONSUMPTION THAN AN AUTO-DEPENDENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM, LOWER ENERGY REQUIREMENTS, AND LOWER ACCIDENT COSTS

WHAT ARE THE REASONS FOR MOVING AWAY FROM COAL TO ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES?

NATURAL GAS PRICES HAVE DROPPED, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES HAVE GAINED POPULARITY, AND GOVERNMENT REGUALTIONS

NUCLEAR ENERGY IS ONLY AVAILABLE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD AT AN AFFORDABLE COST BECAUSE OF....

GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES

COMPARE AND CONTRAST CO2 AND METHANE

SIMILARITIES: BOTH ARE GREENHOUSE GASSES
DIFFERENCES: METHANE ENTERS THE ATMOSPHERE DURING THE PRODUCTION/TRANSPORTATION OF COAL, NATURAL GAS, AND OIL - CARBON DIOXIDE ENTERS THE ATMOSPHERE MAINLY THROUGH BURNING FOSSIL FUELS. METHANE HAS A MUCH SHORTER LIFESPAN IN THE ATMOSPHERE AS COMPARED TO CARBON DIOXIDE. METHANE IS MORE EFFICIENT THAN CARBON DIOXIDE IN TRAPPING RADIATION, INCREASING HEAT.