Topic 5 in cyto

(Hermann Henking) (insects) (X-body’) (Clarence McClung) (heterochromosome) (Edmund Wilson) (butterfly) (protenor) (14) (13) (one) (milkweed bug) (Lygaeus turcicus) (both) (14) autosomes (A) (single) (smaller) (Y)

1891: (_____________) identified nuclear structure in the sperm of certain (_____) and labeled the ‘(______)

● Years later: (___________) showed some sperms in grasshoppers contain unusual genetic structure called (________________)

● 1906: (__________) demonstrated female somatic cells in (________) (_______) contain (___) chromosomes, including two X chromosomes; on the other hand, male somatic cells contain only (___) chromosomes, including (___) X chromosome

● In (_________) (______________), (____) sexes have (__) chromosomes; twelve are (_________)

○ Females have two X chromosomes, while males have only (____) chromosome and a (_____)

heterochromosome labeled (Y) chromosome

(Joe Hin Tjio) (Albert Levan) (metaphase) (easy) (23) (one) (pair) (maleness)

● (________) and (________) demonstrated the chromosomes in their (_______) stages showing 46 as the human diploid number - (3) (________) is the best stage to look at the chromosome because when they are aligned to the center they are very (____) to look at

● Of the normal (___) pairs of human chromosomes, (___) (___) was shown to vary in males and females—designated as X and Y chromosome

● Concluded that Y chromosomes indeed determine (__________) in humans

(aberrant sexual development) (Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY) (Turner syndrome (45, X)

● Two human abnormalities characterized by

(_______________________) identified

around 1940

● (________________) and

(_________________)

Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY) (male) (Taller) (Smaller)

(less developed) (azoospermia) (sperm cells) (Gynecomastia) (Mitotic nondisjunction)

(_______________)

● Always sexually (_____) as long as there is y

chromosome

● (_____) than usual male

● (______) penis and testes

● Male reproductive organ are (___________)

● Might have (______), meaning they

develop lesser (________) and may be

infertile

● (__________) - breast enlargement tissue

● (________________) - when chromosomes fail to separate during mitosis, leading to some cells with an extra chromosome even if fertilization was normal

(female) (Short structure) (Webbed neck) (Broad chest) (slant downwards) (Low set) (Delayed or absent puberty) (Mosaicism)

Turner syndrome (45, X)

● Sexually (_____)

● (_________)

● (_________)

● (_________)

● Eyes (_______)

● (______) ears

● (_____________), and might be infertile

● (___________)- two different genetics make up of a single individual

● Associated with mosaicism, as the patient may have started with a normal 46,XX karyotype that changed during development while still in the womb.

(Both) (nondisjunction) (Y) (maleness) (not complete) (X) (NOT survive)

● (____) conditions result from (__________)

● The absence of (_) chromosome gives a female sex, even if only a single X chromosome is present

● The presence of Y chromosome in the individual with Klinefelter syndrome is sufficient to determine (_______), even though male development is (__________)

● Y-containing human embryos lacking an (__) chromosome do (_______)

(triplo-X,) (1 of 100) (unaware) (karyotyping) (48,XXXX (tetra-X)

(49,XXXXX (penta-X)

47,XXX

● Also called (______) occurs in about (________) female births

● Generally normal and may remain (_______) of their abnormality unless (_______) is done

● Rare instances of (_____________) and (_____________)

(9 of 315) (height) (dangerous, violent or criminal acts)

(constant) (Y) (behavioral)

● Seen in (______) males in a Scottish

maximum security prison

● Males were above average in (_____) and

had been incarcerated as a result of

(______, ________, __________)

● There is a high, but not (_______), correlation

between extra (__) chromosome and predisposition

to exhibit (___________) problems

(Primordial germ cells (PGC) (gonadal ridge) (wolffian (mesonephric) (mullerian (paramesonephric)

5th week gestation

● (___________________) will go to the (________).

● In the (2) (________) (________________) duct and (_____________) duct are present.

● (3) (________________) duct - differentiate into a male offspring

● (4) (________________) duct - differentiate into an female offspring

(Y chromosome) (male) (degenerate) (trigger) (female)

7th week gestation

● Example in the presence of (__________) which is for male prodigy, the wolffian duct would eventually develop (____) sex organs

○ Mullerian duct will (__________)

● If the body did not detect Y chromosome in this period then mullerian duct would be (______) to produce (______) reproductive organ

○ Wolffian duct would (3) (___________)

(primary oocyte) (two) (meiosis) (oocyte) (meiosis I) (menstruation) (secondary meiosis (meiosis II) (fertilized sperm)

Female reproductive tract

● Ovaries will produce (__________)

● Undergoes (____) stages of (______)

● While inside the tummy the (_____) has

already undergone (______), the first

(____________) is the trigger for oocyte to

undergo (_____________________)

behavioral

● The moment an individual has her first

menstruation, they are ready to receive

(________) - they can get pregnant

since oocyte is already mature

(75) (900-1400) (Pseudoautosomal regions (PARs) (synapse) (recombine) (ends) (make up) (Euchromatin) (Heterochromatin)

(only certain parts) (Sex determining region Y (SRY) (testis determining factor)

● Y chromosome has at least (__) genes, compared to (________) genes on the X

● (___________________________) share homology with regions on the X chromosome and (_______) and (_______) with it during meiosis

● Either (____) of Y chromosome shares genetic (_____) with X chromosome

● (__________) has functional genes

● (_____________) has non-functional genes

● Not the entirety of the chromosome has functional genetic make up there are (____________) that would influence how you look like on the outside - some part are just for structure

● (__________________)

○ most important because it carries the (_________________) (TDF)

○ the only part that makes the offspring male

(Primary sex ratio (PSR) (conceived) (fertilization) (Secondary sex ratio) (born) (males) (always the

same)

● (_____________) reflects the

proportion of males to females (_________) in

a population

○ meaning after (_________), you are

able to determine if it's male or

female.

● (______________) reflects the proportion

of each sex that is (____)

● In recent studies, equal males and females

are conceived, however, (______) seem to be

born more than females

● Your primary sex ratio is not (__________) with secondary sex ratio because

there is no equal ratio of your males or

females being born.

○ This means the number of males

and females (2) (_______) (primary sex

ratio) doesn't always match those

actually (5) (_____) (secondary sex ratio).

(incompatible)

● In the development or in fertilization, it could be that this female conceived, she got maybe abnormal chromosomes, and that made this female fetus (__________) to life.

(Dosage compensation or dosage difference)

(Murray Barr and Gilbert Bergeron) (Barr body) (X)

(phenotypic ratio) (one) (barr bodies)

● (_____________________), inactivates chromosome.

the one X

● (__________________), they

discovered a darkly stained body in the

interface of new cells of female cats.

● (_________) - darkly stained body that they

saw on the periphery of the nucleus, which

is an inactivated X chromosome

● Female body would try to inactivate the

excess (______) so that they have an equal

(__________) or an equal genetic

makeup with their males.

● To know how many numbers of barr bodies

there are: N - 1

○ N is the total number of X

chromosomes, minus one

● No matter how many X chromosomes you

have, you only have (____) active X

chromosome, the rest are (_________).

(Mary Lyon, Liane Russell, and Ernest Beutler) (randomly) (blastocyst stage) (all) (not completely)

● (_____________________________________) postulated that the inactivation of X chromosome occurs (________) in somatic cells at a point early in embryonic development, most likely during the (_________)

● Once inactivation has occurred, (___) descendant cells have the same X chromosome inactivated as their original progenitor cell

● In two X chromosomes, where one is a barred body, that will always be passed onto the offspring.

● Although your barred body is an inactivated X chromosome, it's still a chromosome. You can still pass it on to your offspring. It's just inactivated, it's (____________) gone

(lyon hypothesis)

● In the (__________), the inactivation of the X chromosome occurs randomly.

● In calico cats - dad is black and mom is brown. For this black patch, it could be that the inactivated X chromosome there is the mom. While in the yellow patches, or orange patches, the chromosome there is the dad.

(X inactivation centers (XICs) (X inactive-specific transcript (XISTs) (condense) (15%) (transmissible)

● (___________________)- they all contain (_________________________).

● In some random choosing, you have this certain uncodable RNA that would choose one X chromosome to inactivate it.

○ It forms a barr body because the RNA will try to condense the inactivated X chromosome.

● When X inactivation happens, not the entirety of the inactivated X chromosome is really gone.

○ It is still present because it is not degenerated

○ Even though that they are inactivated, there's still (___) of its chromosome that is (______________)

(no) (up complete)

● A normal 46XX female, even though the

other one is inactivated, there is still that

15% that completely makes up the genetic

makeup of that person.

● When you have a 45X, it only has one X, so

there is (___) 15% to make the genetic make

(_________).

○ In cases like this, patients or people

are less of a woman. Or less of a

female because the genetic makeup

is not complete