Cellular Respiration, Photosynthesis, and the Carbon Cycle

Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation

The process occurring across the mitochondrial membrane where protons ($H^+$) move through ATP synthase to enable ATP synthesis.

Electron Carriers

Molecules such as NADH and FADH2 that transport electrons to the electron transport chain.

Cellular Respiration Redox

Process in which glucose is oxidized by losing electrons and hydrogen atoms, while oxygen ($O_2$) is reduced to form water ($H_2O$).

Lactic Acid Fermentation

An anaerobic process occurring in human muscle cells that shares glycolysis as a common stage with cellular respiration.

Photosynthesis Equation

$6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{light energy} \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$

Light-Dependent Reactions

Stage of photosynthesis located in the thylakoid membrane where chlorophyll absorbs light energy and water ($H_2O$) is split to release oxygen ($O_2$).

Calvin Cycle

Stage of photosynthesis that utilizes energy and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) to build glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$).

Photosynthesis Redox

Process in which water ($H_2O$) is oxidized by losing electrons and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) is reduced.