Period 1 - APUSH

-Context for European encounters in Americas
-Explain native populations interactions with natural environment before Euro contact

Societal Make-up of America before and after Euros arrive
Natives of american content was diverse people based on environment
Pueblo People - Great Basin and Plains / Utah and Colorado: These people were farmers and made maize which was a corn type crop. There were advanced irrigation systems and small urban centers.
North of Great Basin and Plains region were nomadic: These people hunted buffalo and organized into small groups.
North West in pacific coast: People made permanent settlement b/c near coastal region

North east - Iroquois, like pueblo, living in longhouses and cultivate maize crops
Cahokia - Mississippi River valley - were farmers with rich soil and trade 

^^ Complex societies were affected and shaped by environment w/ trade

-Explain causes of exploration and conquest of New World by Euro

1300s-1400s in Europe, kingdoms were changing and went through political unification
-Growing wealthy group who wanted luxury goods from asia, but muslims were in middle and blocked connection with Asia → Led to trading posts on oceans
→ Portugal had trading posts w/ africa and had strong connections with tradework w/ old and new maritime technologies
-Used: Updated astronomical tools, ship designs, devoted to only trade → Led to spain trying to hop on the train to get more rich and economic opportunities and wanted to spread catholicism
Joined in Christopher Columbus: Italian sailor and wanted sponsorship to sail west to Ferdinand and Isabella, led to getting sponsorship. They sailed in 1492 and went west across the Atlantic ocean, but no euros were known. He landed in the Caribbean and there was tremendous wealth.
→ News spread to Europe and many countries wanted to join and go find wealth like France, Spain, Britain, etc.

-Explain causes of Columbian Exchange and its effect on Euro and Americas after 1492

→  Bringing together of hemispheres: Columbian Exchange: Transportation of people, disease, and crops from East to west and vice versa
→ Potatoes and Maize crossed from america to europe , turkeys sent to europe , gold and silver transported too, they also introduced enslaved africans
→ Wheat, rice, soy beans, cattle and pigs to americans, smallpox sent from europe to america, so huge populations of natives were decimated
Americas to Europe: Wealth was major coming into Europe. 

-Explain how growth of Spanish empire in NA shaped development of social / economic structures

Feudalism: peasants worked on land nobles and in exchange for protection, this wealth shifted feudalism into capitalism - private ownership: due to rise of joint-stock companies - investors fund a venture with plurality of investors
-Europe In americas for colonization is Spain. Introduced the encomienda system: Forced enslaved people to work on land and farms and extract mine.
→ problems: trying to keeping natives enslaved , natives wanted to escape, 2nd problem: natives were rude enough to die in massive hoards → Led to major importation of african enslaved laborers to work on farms - immunity to european diseases
→ Spain came to dominate the central and south america: introduced Casta System: categorized people based on race: Spain were top, middle were spain born in america, bottom were native americans and africans 
→ Europeans justified with africans slavery with cannon ancestry being cursed by God due to Ham son of Noah and bible justification

-Explain effects of the development of transatlantic voyages

The transatlantic voyages led to increased trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, facilitating the exchange of goods, cultures, and ideas. This resulted in the growth of European economies, the spread of diseases that devastated native populations, and the establishment of the Atlantic slave trade, fundamentally transforming global relations.