Bonding - Chemistry

monatomic cations

cation thats a single atom

monoatomic anion

an anion that is a single atom

polyatomic ions (usally anions)

group atoms that stay together and have and have an overall charge and one name, usually end in -ate or -ite

ammonium

NH4+

acetate

C2H3O2-

chlorate

ClO3-

Cyanide

CN-

Hydroxide

OH-

Nitrate

NO3-

Bicarbonate

HCO3-

Carbonate

CO3 2-

Chromate

CrO4 2-

Sulfate

SO4 2-

Phosphate

PO4 3-

per

add oxygen to the base ion, ex. CLO4 = perchlorate

ite

remove an oxygen from base ion, ex. CLO2 = chlorite

hypo and ite

remove two oxygens from the base ion, ex. ClO- = hypochlorite

naming cations s and p

if charge is always the same write the name of the metal and ion, ex. Na+ = sodium ion

naming cations d

transition metals can have more than one type of charge, indicate charge as roman numeral after name of metal, ex. Cr3+ = chromium (iii) ion

naming anions

change end of name to ide, ex. oxygen = oxide

naming ionic bonds

1. name cation first then anion

2. monoatomic (s or p) cation = name of element + ion

3. monoatomic (p) anion = root + -ide

4. for metals that can have more than 1 cation (D, Sn, Pb) use roman numeral in name

properties of ionic compounds

1. crystalline structure: a regular repeating arrangement of ions in the solid

2. ions are strongly bonded

3. structure is rigid

4. high melting points because of strong forces between ions

5. brittle

conductivity in ionic solids

the ions are locked in place, insulators

when melted ionic solids

the ions can move around and conduct

dissolved in water ionic solids

ions can move around, electrolytes conduct

metallic bonding

electrons are held loosely and free to move through the solid (sea of electrons) metals when solid and liquid conduct, metals when gas or dissolved in water will not conduct

naming covalent bonds

uses prefixes for each element, 1st element when theres only one atom has no prefix, first element written as name on periodic table, last element changes ending to ide

1

mono

2

di

3

tri

4

tetra

5

penta

6

hexa

7

hepta

8

octa

9

nona

10

deca

single bond

1 sigma, 0 pi, longest and weakest bond

double bond

1 sigma, 1 pi, medium length and strength bond

triple bond

1 sigma, 2 pi, shortest but strongest bond

VSEPR Linear

#elements around center: 2, #lone pairs around center: 0, #electron domains: 2, bond angle: 180

VSEPR Trigonal Planar

#elements around center 3, #lone pairs around center: 0, #electron domains: 3, bond angle: 120

VSEPR Bent 1

#elements around center: 2, #lone pairs around center: 1, #electron domains: 3, bond angle: 117.5

VSEPR Tetrahedral

#elements around center: 4, #lone pairs around center: 0, #electron domains: 4, bond angle: 109.5

VSEPR Trigonal Pyramidal

#elements around center: 3, #lone pairs around center: 1, #electron domains: 4, bond angle: 107

VSEPR Bent 2

#electrons around center: 2, #lone pairs around center: 2, #electron domains: 4, bond angle: 104.5