intro to digital me - computer simulations through end

what is an engineering model?

a simplification of reality to address a complex problem by means of equations

what is a computer model?

a mathematical representation of a system implemented into a computer program

computer simulations…

make all necessary assumptions/simplifications to create a problem that can be solved analytically

resort to the use of prototypes and experimental techniques to obtain necessary information to allow prediction

the three fundamental areas the analyst must master are…

physics of the problem

numerical method

the software that will be used

what is a digital twin

a virtual model designed to accurately reflect a physical object

has sensors fitted to the physical object to collect data on vital areas of functionality

digital twins vs. simulations

digital twins are real-time representations of physical objects, while simulations are theoretical models used to predict behavior under various conditions.

digital twins have a two-way flow of information with constantly updated data to study multiple processes.

types of digital twins

component twins - basic unit of the digital twin

asset twins - two or more components working together

system/unit twins - representation of the entire functioning system

process twins - how systems work together

in order… CASP

what is a robot (definition)

a programable machine capable of carrying out a complex series of actions

controlled vs autonomous

Controlled robots operate under human guidance, while autonomous robots can perform tasks independently, making decisions based on their programming and sensor input.

main tasks of an autonomous robot

sensor interpretation

map building

localization (finding its own position within the map)
path planning

examples of locomotion systems

stationary (arm style)

land-based (wheels, walking, tracks)

water based

air based

others (snake like, worm like, nanobots)

robots in smart factories must…

be autonomous

have intuitive human interfaces

be adaptable to the environment

what is additive manufacturing

the process of constructing objects directly from CAD data by adding layer by layer of material.

AM in a nutshell

CAD model is made

CAD is translated into STL

machine splices stl and prints

AM processes

SLA - uv laser cures liquid polymer in tank

Polyjet

Fused Deposition - better mechanic properties but can’t handle fine details as well (this is traditional 3d printing)

Powder based laser sintering

types of data

structured - tabular/predefined format, represented by rows and columns in a database

unstructured - doesn’t have a format

semi-structured - doesn’t consist of structured data but still has some vague structure/format to it

the five key steps of data analytics

1. ask the right questions

2. data collection

3. data cleanup

4. begin data analysis

5. interpretation of results

what is big data?

refers to large amounts of data from various sources that has differing formats and can’t be dealt with with traditional methods (because of sheer size)

characteristics of big data

Vs

volume - amount

velocity - speed of more data coming in

variety - different sources, different structures

veracity - quality of data, level of trust

value - does it mean anything? is it useful?

challenges with big data

1. storage systems

2. data processing

3. nature of data - messy, inconsistent, incomplete

AI vs. machine learning vs deep learning, etc.

AI - simulation of human intelligence that can sense reason, etc

ML - algorithms capable of improving performance as they gain data

ANN - specific group of algorithms that mimic a brain

DL - a set of ANN algos capable of learning and processing huge amounts of data

regression and classification

regression - predict output based on past data. output is a real number

classification - predict categories of the new inputs based on past data categorization

different cybersecurity threats

1. intrusions

2. malware

3. phishing

4. spyware

5. spam