Psychology Development and Science Skills

What is atypical behaviour?

Behaviour that is not typical and differs markedly in some way from what is expected in the situation and is uncommon to see

What is typical behaviour?

Behaviour that would usually occur and is appropriate and expected in the given sitaution

What is developmental change?

The process of change that occurs in human beings throughout development

What is nature vs nurture?

Nature is the genetic impact of development from biological parents eg. blood type and eye colour. Nurture is the impact from the environment surrounding eg. school you go to and religion.

What is attachment?

A close emotional connection between two people

What is concept mapping?

a diagram that visually represents relationships between concepts and ideas

What is symbolic thinking?

The ability to use symbols such as words and pictures to represent objects that are not physically present.

What is object permanence?

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

What is a sensitive period?

The period of time during development when a person/animal is more responsive to certain types of environment experiences or learning. Sensitive periods can happen later in life depending on variables.

What is a critical period?

The period of time during development when a person/animal is most vulnerable to the deprivation or absence of certain environmental experiences. When a critical period is closed it is unlikely to develop learning from them to the best potential.

What is concrete thinking?

Literal interpretations of the environment and what is present in front of you or through senses.

What is mental adaption?

Taking in, processing, organising and using new information.

What is abstract thinking?

A way of thinking that does not rely on being able to see, visualise or manipulate in order to understand something.

What is labelling?

The process of classifying an individual according to a specific diagnostic category.

What is stigma?

A sign of social disapproval or social deficiency, often involving shame or disgrace.

What is social stigma?

Negative attitudes and beliefs held in the wider community that lead people to fear, exclude or unfairly discriminate against people with a disorder.

What is self stigma?

When an individual accepts the neagtive views and reactions of others.

DSM

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (of mental health disorders)

What is the dimensional approach?

A dimensional approach considers the symptoms along the continuunm on which degree people vary.

What is Piaget's theory?

The theory recognises that a child's intelligence develops in stages. These stages are universal to all children and always occur in the same order.

What is a clinical assessment?

Involves collecting and interpreting info about how one thinks, feels and behaves inorder to make diagnosis and treatment plan?

Sensorimotor stage includes what between which ages?

Object permanence, goal-directed behaviour and motor skills are achieved between the ages 0-2

Pre-operational stage includes what between which ages?

Decentering, reversability, transformation, , symbolic thinking, centrism, animism and centrism are achieved between the ages 2-7

Concrete operational stage includes what between which ages?

Conservation, classification, true logical thought and mental operations are achieved between the ages 7-12

Formal operational includes what between which ages?

Abstract thinking, Logical thinking and idealistic thinking are achieved from 12 plus

What is maladaptive behaviour?

Behaviour that is counterproductive and otherwise interferes with the individuals ability to successfully adapt to the surroudning environment to fulfil typical roles in society.

Neurotypicality describes...

People whose neurological development and cognitive functioning are typical and do what most people would consider typical.

Neurodiversity describes....

People whose neurological development and cognitive functioning are atypical and deviate from what most people consider typical.

Comorbidity is...

A term used to describe experiencing more than more disorder at a time.

Differences between learning disorder and learning difficulty

Learning disorders are long term and lasting whereas learning difficulties are short term and may change when the individuals circumstance changes.

What is statistical rarity?

When evidence and statistics has proved that something is typical in society anything that bends typical standards is rare.

What is confidentiality?

The privacy and protection of an individual in terms of personal details and information

What is debriefing?

Ensures that an individual leaves understanding the aim of the experiment and what was involved, especially when deception is applied

What are informed consent procedures?

Ensures that an individual is comfortable being involved is the experiment and that they understand the purpose before agreeing

When is deception used?

Only used when the true purpose of the experiment will impact the individuals behaviour

What is voluntary participation?

Ensures that there is no pressure put on the individual and they can freely choose whether they want to participate of not

What are withdrawal rights?

Ensures that the participant can pull out of the experiment at any time during or after the experiment

What is social development? and example

Involves changes in an individuals relationships with others and their skills of interacting with others eg. ability to maintain

What is cognitive development? and example

Involves changes in an individuals mental abilities such as reasoning and logic, and problem solving eg. how a 2 year old expresses anger vs how a 16 year old or 80 year old expresses anger.

What is emotional development? and example

Involves changes in how an individual experiences different feelings and how they're expressed, interpreted or dealt with eg. when someone loses a football game do they throw a tantrum or congratulate the other team.

What is insecure avoidant attachment?

Infant maintains distance and avoids close contact with others

What is disorganised attachment?

Infant shows inconsistent or odd and contradictory behaviours, sometimes fearful or maladaptive

What is secure attachment?

Infant is playful, curious, sociable and explores

What is insecure resistant attachment?

Infant constanly checks caregiver's whereabouts and tries to re-establish contact, clings, then resists contact.

Identify three SOCIAL factors of the biopsychosocial model

Employment history, social relationships, education, financial position, access to healthcare, ethnicity, cultural values and beliefs

Identify three BIOLOGICAL factors of the biopsychosocial model

Genes, age, hair colour, eye colour, race, gender, hormones, disease, sleep patterns, nervous system activity

Identify three PSYCHOLOGICAL factors of the biopsychosocial model

Emotions, self esteem, learning and memory, thought patterns, resilience, coping skills, attitudes and beliefs, effects on prior experience

What is assimilation?

Taking new information and fitting it into a pre-existing mental idea

What is accomodation?

Changing the pre-exisiting mental idea to fit new and more appropriate information

Assimilation to Accomodation example

A child recognising a dog that has a tail, ears and is soft; then coming across a horse which has a tail, ears and is soft but isn't a dog. The child then has to accomodate new information into a horse being different to a dog.

What is imprinting?

Attachment to the first moving object sighted at birth

What is autism?

A neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the way people communicate and interact with others and the world.

What are characteristics of autism?

Difficulty interacting with others, having trouble understanding the other persons pov, atypical reactions to sensory stimuli.

Risks and contributing factors of autism

Biological factors such as genes, advanced parental age

What is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

A neurodevelopmental disorder that involves a persistent pattern of inattention and hyper-impulse behaviour that affects development and everyday functioning.

What are characteristics of ADHD?

Inattention, Hyperactivity, Impulsivity (not thinking before you speak)

Risk and contributing factors of ADHD

Premature birth, genes, smoking while pregnant

What is dyslexia?

Significant struggle with accurate and fluent word reading, spelling and writing.

What is dypraxia?

Affects coordination of muscle movements which can include muscles for speaking.

What is dyscalculia?

Affects the ability to quire mathematical concepts and skills.

Risk and contributing factors of learning disabilties

Low birth weight, premature brith, family history, less learning support

What is the main difference between and psychiatrist and a psychologist?

A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who continued in uni to obtain a higher degree and can diagnose and prescribe medication, a psychologist is available to help with the thought and behaviours of a patient.

What is an independant variable?

the variable that we are comparing and get manipulated throughout the experiment to measure it's affect on the DV.

What is a dependant variable?

The variable that is measured to see the difference of the two IVs results

What is an extraneous variable?

Any variable that COULD impact the results (Participant, situation, demand, experimenter and, the placebo effect)

What are participant variables?

The personal characteristics that individual participants bring into the experiment

What are situational variables?

Occurs outside the individual; external factors associated within the experimental setting that could influence participant response

What are demand characteristics?

Cues (unintentional clues/hints) in an experiment that may influence or bias a participants response

What are experimenter effects?

Refers to any influences the researcher may have on the results of the investigation.

What is the placebo effect?

The participants behaviour is influenced by their expectations of how they should react, based off them thinking they are receiving experimental treatment.

What is a between subjects design?

Each participant is allocated to either the experimental group OR the control group

What is a within subjects design?

Each of the participants test both groups and are in both the experimental and control group

What is a mixed design?

Combines between and within subjects designs

What is reliability?

Refers to the extent to which a measure is consistent and dependable

What is internal validity?

If the investigation actually investigated was it was supposed to and relates to how well the study was conducted

What is external validity?

If the research obtained can be applied beyond just the sample

What is generalisation?

Whether the information collected can be applied to a population and how widely it can be applied

What is repeatability?

to what degree a specific research investigation obtains similar results when repeated.

What is reproducibility?

how close the results are to each other when the investigation has been replicated but has been changed in terms of conditions.

What are correlation studies used for?

Used to investigate the relationship between variables without there being any control

Experimental Research Methods

Laboratory and Fieldwork

Non-experimental research methods

Case studies, observational studies, questionnaire, interviews, correlation studies and stimulation studies

What is a neurodiverse condition?

A condition where the brain functions differently in an atypical way compared to those with typical brain functioning.

What is cultural perspective?

Each culture and ethnic group having it's own sets or norms and what is considered to be acceptable behaviour.

What are culturally responsive practices?

A culturally responsive practice refers to health practices that are respectful of and relevant to the beliefs, traditions and languages of different cultures.

What is long-term potentiation?

Repeated activation of synaptic connections strengthens them

What is activity dependant plasticity?

The ability of the connections between neurons to change in strength in response to activity

What is adaptive plasticity?

The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections and reshaping existing ones, enabling it to adapt to new situations

What is personal distress?

Individual's subjective experience of emotional suffering and feeling extremely upset.

What us rerouting?

Occurs when undamaged neurons create alternative neural pathways when previous neural connections have been lost due to injury

What is Sprouting?

The growth of new axons or dendrites from neurons, occurs when damaged neurons form new connections to be made