Industrial Hygiene (Reviewed)

Industrial Hygiene: Science and Art Devoted To:

(APCRE)

• Antificipation

• Prevention

• Control

• Recognition

• Evaluation

APCRE

AR 385-10

Army Safety Program

AR 40-5

Preventive Medicine Occupational Health

DA PAM 40-11

Preventive Medicine

DA PAM 40-503

Army Industrial Hygiene Program

OSHA

The only IH standard that is enforceable by law

Hierarchy of Safety & Health Controls

• Elimination or Substitution

• Engineering Controls

• Warnings

• Training and Administrative Controls

• Personal Protective Equipment

SEGs

Groups of workers having the same general exposure profile because of similarity and frequency of the tasks performed, the materials and processses they work, and the similarity of the way in which they perform work.

Intensity

An indication of the amount or quantity of light source gives off in each direction

Illuminance

A measure of the amount of light falling on a surface

Lux

Unit of measure of intensity or luminous flux

Foot-candle

Unit of measure of the illuminance level

Toxicology

The study of the dynamic interaction of chemicals with living systems

Toxicants

Substances that produce adverse biological effects of any nature

Toxins

Specific proteins produced by living organisms

Poisons

Toxicants that cause immediate death or illness when experienced in very small amounts

Toxicity

An experssion of the capacity of a substance to produce injury in a living host

Route of Exposure/Entry

Injection

• Substance enters directly into the blood stream

• Causes the most severe effects\

• Low significance

Route of Exposure/Entry

Inhalation

• Substance enters through the respiratory system

• High severity

• Most significant route of entry

Route of Exposure/Entry

Cutaneous/Skin Absorption

• Substance enters through the skin

• Low severity

• Frequent occurrance

• Difficult to quantify

Route of Exposure/Entry

Ocular

• Substance enters through the eyes or mucous membranes surrounding the eyes

• Effects vary

• May cause systemic poisoning

• Also classified as cutaneous or skin absorpotion

Route of Exposure/Entry

Ingestion/Oral

• Substance enters through the digestive tract

• Low significance

• Common occurrence

Chemical Interactions (IPSAA)

• Independent

• Additive

• Antagonistic

• Potentiating

• Synergisitc

Aerosol

A suspension of solid or liquid particles in a gas

• Bio-aerosol - An aerosol of biological origin

• Cloud - A visible aerosol with defined boundaries

• Dust - a solid-particle formed by mechanical disintegration of a parent material, such as crushing or grinding

Fume

A solid-particle aerosol produced by the condensation of vapors or gaseous combustion products

Haze

An atmospheric aerosol that affects visibility

Mist and Fog

Liquid-particle aerosols formed by condensation or atomization

Hepatotoxin

Causes liver damage

Nephrotoxin

Causes kidney damage

Neurotoxin

Substance that affects the nervous system

Hematopoietic Toxin

A substance that affects the cellular components of blood or its ability to function

Pulmonary toxin

A substance that irritates or damages the lungs

Mutagen

A substance which causes some type of mutation in the genetic material of an organism exposed to it

Reproductive Toxins

Substances that cause impotence or sterility in men and women

HAZCOM

Reduce occupational illness and injury resulting from chemical exposures by:

• Informing employees of the identities and the hazards of the chemicls they work with

• Training employees on the measures for preventing chemical exposures

Major Progrom Compenents in HAZCOM

• Writtenplans

• Hazard determination

• SDS

• Labeling

• Training

• Data management system

Notice; No medical survelliance

Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)

General term used to identify exposure limits in an occupational setting

Goal is to protect workers over their entore working lifetime (40years)

Most OELs are based traditional work schedule

• 8 hour day

• 5 day work week (40 hours)

Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)

Regulatory limits on the amount or concentration of a substance in the air

• Table Z-1 Ceiling Values, concentration that should not be exceeded during anyu part of the working exposure

Action Level

The concentration or level of an agent at which it is deemed that some specfifc action should be taken

Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)

The concentration to which workers can be exposed continuously for a short period of time without suffering from:

• Irritation

• Chronic or irreversible tissue damage

• Narcosis of sufficient degree to increase the likelihood of accidental injury, impair self-rescue, or reduce work efficiency

Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)

Is not separate exposure limit rather it supplements the TLV-TWA

Direct Reading Instruments

1. Concentrations can be read directly from a readout or instrument

2. Does not require supporting laboratory to provide results

3. Most instruments have data logging capabilities

4. Some instruments can download data to a computer program that can be used in industrial hygiene reports

5. Provides instantaneous and often continuous monitoring

Colorimetric Tubes - Draeger and MSA tubes

Use the reaction of an airborne contaminant with a color-producing agent to yield a stain length or color intensity

Infrared Analyzers

Identifies and quantifies compounds in the air that absrob in the infrared region

Photoionization detectors

Used to measure total organic compounds

Full period single sampling

• A single sample is taken for the full work shift

• Used to compare worker exposure to the applicable standard

• Data is limited to only the average worker exposure for the eight-hour work shift

• Generally, less expensive than other strtegies

Full period consecutive sampling

• Most expensive sampling strategy

• The best sampling strategy available to determine workers exposure\

• Two or more samples are tkaen for the full period of the work shift

Local Exhaust Ventilation System

• Hood

• Duct

• Cleaner

• Fan

• Exhaust

Pitot Tube

• Measures: Velocity pressure

• Not direct reading

Heated Wire

• Measures: Velocity

• Direct reading

Sound

Any pressure variation that the human ear can detect

Frequency

Known as pitch or tone measured in hertz

Intensity

Known as volume or loudness

Measured in decibels (dBs)

Exchange Rate

The value corresponding to the doubling of sound pressure levels

If two generators are on each making 85 dB sound you add 3 dB to combined of SPL

Steady State Noise

A study level of noise

Impulse Noise

A short burst of acoustical energy characterized by a rapid rise to maximum intensity followed by a slower decay.

• When the interval between peaks is ½ second or less consider steady state noise for survey purposes

Steady State Noise

Personnel cannot be exposed to noise levels above 85 dB(A) without the use of hearing protection

Impulse Noise

Hearing protection must be worn when the impulse or impact noise exceeds 140 dB

Atmospheric test readings

• Oxygen level

• Flammability

• Toxic gasses

How to find it? Multiray reading and direct and handheld

Testing and Monitoring for confined space

Test for oxygen content, flammability, and toxic gasses as a minimum

Prohibit hot work in areas that have a flammability concentration of 10% or greater

Oxygen requiremnts - No less than 19.5% nor greater than 23.5%

Rigid Style Hard Hats

Protects against small objects onl - Tested at 8 Lbs of weight for 5 ft drop

Do not paint plastic helmets

Eyewash Stations

• Provide no less than .4 gallons per minute

Eye and Face wash stations

Shoiuld provide 3 gallons per minute

Portable Eye wash fountains

Will provide a required flow of .4 gallons per minute for 15 mintues