3: Chapter 12 (part 1) - Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes

metabolic

the generation of _________ energy is a major activity of all cells

mitochondria

___________ generate energy from breakdown of lipids and carbohydrates

chloroplasts

___________ use sunlight energy to generate ATP and reducing power to synthesize carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O

peroxisomes

__________ contain enzymes involved in a varietey of metabolic pathways

free ribosomes; polypeptides

proteins are synthesized on __________ and imported to these organelles as completed ___________

genomes

mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ________, including some genes that are transcribed and translated with the organelle

double-membrane

mitochondria are surrounded by a __________ system

intermembrane

inner and outer membranes are separated by an ________________ space

cristae

the inner membrane has numerous folds called ___________

matrix

cristae extend into the interior layer of the membrane known as the ____________

ATP generation

the inner mitochondrial membrane is the principal site of _______________________

surface area

_______________ is increased by folding into cristae

proteins

the inner mitochondrial membrane contains a high percentage of ___________ involved in oxidative metabolism and transport

impermeable

the inner mitochondrial membrane is ____________ to most ions and small molecules - this helps maintain the proton gradient

mitochondrial

the outer _____________ membrane is highly permeable to small molecules

porins

the outer mitochondrial campus contains ____________ which form channels that allow the free diffusion of small molecules

cytosol

the outer mitochondrial membrane's intermembrane space is similar in composition the the ____________

high-energy

mitochondria are often positioned near locations of high-energy use, such as synapses in nerve cells

citric acid cycle

the enzymes of the _________________ are in the mitochondrial matrix

oxidative phosphorylation

most energy produced by mitochondria is done via ______________________

inner

oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the __________ mitochondrial membrane

NADH and FADH2

high-energy electrons from ___________ and _____________ are transfered through a series of carriers in the membrane to molecular oxygen

proton gradient

the energy derived from this converted to potential energy stored in a __________________ which drives ATP synthesis

cytosol

most mitochondria membrane lipids are imported from _______________

phospholipid cardiolipin

mitochondria catalyze the synthesis of the ____________________

cardiolipin

_______________ are localized in the inner membrane of mitochondria

restricting

cardiolipin improves efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation by ____________ proton flow across the membrane

ATP synthesis

to harness free energy, glucose is oxidizes in a series of steps coupled to ___________________

glycolysis

the first stage when harnessing free energy produced by mitochondria is ___________________

anaerobic

in the absence of oxygen, glycolysis provides all the metabolic energy of __________ organisms

pyruvate and 2 ATP

glycolysis results in _________________ and _______________

inhibited

when a cell has an adequate supply of ATP - glycosis is _____________

how are ATP and NADH generated

2 ATP and 2 NADH

2; NADH

glycolysis also converts _______ molecules of the coenzyme NAD+ to _________

oxidizing

NAD+ acts as an ______________ agent that accepts electrons

donor

NADH must be recycled by serving as an electron ________________ for other oxidation-reduction reactions

lactate or ethanol

in anaerobic conditions, the NADH is reoxidized to NAD+ by the conversion of pyruvate to ____________ or ______________

aerobic

in a ___________ organism, NADH donotes electrons to the electron transport chain

cytosol

glycolysis occurs in the _________

pyruvate

in eukaryotic cells, _________ is then transporting into mitochondria - it's then completely oxidized

oxidative decarboxylatio

pyruvate undergoes ______________ in the presence of coenzyme A (CoA-SH) forming acetyl CoA; generation of NADH, 2 pyruvates generate 2 NADH

matrix

the ____________ contains a genetic system and enzymes for oxidative metabolism

pyruvate

___________ is a product of glycolysis that is transported to mitochondria

1) complete oxidation to CO2

2) yields the bulk of energy (ATP)

what are the two steps involved in the glycolysis production of pyruvate which is then transported to mitochondria

matrix

the enzymes of the citric acid cycle are in the mitochondrial _______________

1) glycolysis occurs in the cytosol

2) pyruvate is transported into mitochondria

3) pyruvate's complete oxidation to COs

4) yields the buik of usable energy (ATP) obtained from glucose metabolism

what are the 4 steps in the glycolysis/mitochondrial metabolism process

Acetyl CoA

__________ enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

2-carbon; 4 carbons; 6 carbons

the ____-carbon acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate (____ carbonds) to yield citrate (____ carbons)

CO2 and xaloacetate

2 carbons of citrate completely oxidized to produce _________ and __________

1) 2 CO2

2) 1 oxaloacetate

3) 1 GTP

4) 3 NADH and

5) 1 FADH2

2 carbons of citrate produce what 6 things? (DOUBLE_CHECK)

1) 6 molecules of CO2

2) 4 ATP

3) 10 NADH

4) 2 FADH2

the oxidation of glucose results in what 4 products

38 (in some cells 36)

the total ATP yield from oxidation of glucose is _____________

2 ATP and 2 NADH

glycolysis produces what 2 products

2 ATP + 8 NADH + 2 FADH2

the citric acid cycle produces what 3 products

NADH and FADH2

1) each NADH yields 3 ATP

2) each FADH2 yields 2 ATP

oxidative phosphorylation uses ___________ and _____________ to produce what 2 products

malate-aspartate shuttle

glycerol phosphate shuttle

lipids

oxidation of ________ yields much more energy per weight

glycerol and free fatty acids

fats/triacylglycerols are broken down to _____________ and ________________

one ATP

each fatty acid + coenzyme A - fatty acyl-CoA at the cost of ____________________

fatty acids

____________ are degraded in a stepwise oxidative process

2; NADH and FADH2

fatty acids are degraded in a stepwise oxidative process, ____ carbons at a time; each round of oxidation also yields one _______ and one ___________

130; 38

the acetyl CoA then enters the citric acid cycle; the net gain is ___________ ATPs per molecule of a 16-carbon fatty acid; compare to net gain of ___________ ATPS per molecule of glucose