Henry II Paper 2 - Topic one

History

What was the peace treaty in 1153 between Henry and Stephen called?

Treaty of Winchester/Westminster

What did the treaty make sure would happen after Stephen died?

Henry would become king

What did Stephen lose control of during his reign?

The Barons, church, law and finances

What was Henry’s royal revenue when he took the throne compared to what it had been in Stephen’s reign?

½ to 2/3 of what it was

what were the barons ‘minting’ during Stephen’s reign?

their own coins

what areas of government were not fully functioning in 1154?

Finance (the Exchequer), Law (the bench and Chancery)

Who collected for the king the fixed sum from the shires?

The sheriffs

What was this major source of income called?

The ‘Farm’

What was henry’s mission when he came to the throne?

Reintroduce strong royal government and take control of England

Who often ruled as Henry’s regent when he was away?

His wife Eleanor of Aquitaine

Give another word for the nobility

Barons, magnates, lords, tenants-in-chief

In order to reverse the freedom given in Stephen’s reign, what did henry issue a lot of in 1155?

charters

To reduce the power of the earls, how many did henry reduce them to?

22 to 12

What was one of Henry’s nicknames

castle breaker

In the Cartae Baronum of 1166, what 2 things did the barons have to submit details of?

Land and knights

what was the special name for the number of knights they were meant to supply?

the servitium debitum

what were the two main purposes of the Cartae?

To bring the barons more under control; would help raise finance

Why were sheriffs important to Henry

They oversaw law and order in the shires as well as collected taxes

In the 1170 inquest of the sheriffs how many sheriffs did henry sack?

22 of the 29

What was patronage?

the right to appoint someone to a job

How did Henry “persuade” Malcolm king of scotland to agree to a peace treaty?

Marching his army up to Scotland and demonstrating his military power

What was the name of the younger brother Malcolm gave up while paying homage to Henry in 1163?

David

What event, which took place in 1170 were both King william and david invited to by henry?

Young Henrys coronation

Name the place where Henry II made Malcolm to pay homage to him along with the welsh princes

Woodstock

What was the Earldom Malcolm IV received from Henry

Earl of Huntington

What was the name of the campaign henry invited Malcolm on

toulouse

what do henry’s interactions with scotland tell us about his tactics

diplomatic more then military

what state was wales in prior to henrys reign

unstable warlike

Why did Henry go to Wales?

To secure his borders and expand his empire

who were the two welsh princes that henry dealt with

Owain and Rhys

how many campaigns did Henry launch into wales?

3

In which year did owain do homage to henry bringing north wales under control?

1157

in which year did henry capture rhys and force him to do homage?

1163

when did Henry launch his 3rd campaign against Wales?

1165

What year did henry agree to peace with the Welsh?

1171

What was Henrys views on the ultimate conquest of wales?

Knew it was unrealistic due to the geography

what is the definition of homage?

Homage is a pledge of allegiance

did wales have a king?

No, had princes who ruled their local area

what title did rhys receive from Henry in 1172?

Justiciar of Wales

Why did henry make peace with wales?

threat to his english border; he wanted to gon a expedition to Ireland and had problem with french territories

Who was king of Leinster?

Dermot

Which england baron went to Ireland to “help”?

Richard de Clare/strongbow

When did strongbow invade?

1170

Who gave henry his blessing to go to ireland?

Pope adrian

what year did pope adrian give henry his blessing to go to ireland?

1155

Why didn’t henry go to ireland in 1155?

He was busy establishing royal control within England

when did Dermot ask for help from Henry?

1167

Why did Henry go to Ireland in 1171?

Feared strongbow could become rival power; to escape criticism re murder of thomas beckett

Why did henry meet with bishops in ireland?

help establish papacy control within ireland; re-establish his good relations with papacy

which pope was henry trying to please with his meeting of the bishops?

Pope Alexander

who was the king of france at this time?

Louis VII

what was the name of the land that crossed from his lands into normandy?

The vexin

what was henrys rank in france?

Tenant-in-chief/feudal vassal

who did henry involve himself with to expand his influence in brittany?

Noblewoman Bertha and her son Conan

who did henry encourage to invade Brittany in 1156?

Geoffrey (his brother)

who did henry turn to for support when conan rebelled?

Louis VII

what were the reasons behind louis actions supporting henry

wanted to marry his daughter to one of henrys sons.

who attacked henry in Normandy 1156?

Geoffrey

When did henry invade Brittany with a large army?

1158

what year did henry finally release the cartae baronum in normandy?

1172

who did henry make special arrangements with to get his son and louis daughter married?

Pope Alexander

How did Henry initially gain Normandy?

He inherited it from his father.

How did Henry gain Louis’s backing against Geoffrey when he attempted to claim Normandy for himself?

He did homage to Louis.

What was the dowry for Young Henry and Margaret’s marriage?

The Vexin

When were the talks of Montmirail held?

January 1169

What were the main terms of the peace of Montmirail?

Henry did homage to Louis for Normandy, the Vexin and Brittany. His sons also did

homage to Louis. Young Henry for Normandy and Anjou, Richard for Aquitaine, and

Geoffrey for Brittany. Richard was also betrothed to Alys(Alice), daughter of Louis)