US History Unit 7 - The Progressives and American Foreign Policy

Reasons for American Overseas Expansion

1. Commercial/Business Interests
2. Military/Strategic Interests
3. Social Darwinist Thinking
4. Religious/Missionary Interests
5. Closing the American Frontier

Alfred Thayer Mahan

US Admiral who encouraged the US to strengthen its naval power to become a world power and imperialism. Author of "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History"

Josiah Strong

author of Our Country: Its Possible Future and its Present Crisis, on Anglo-Saxon superiority; a popular American minister in the late 1800s who linked Anglo-Saxonism to Christian missionary ideas

Voices of Anti-Imperialism

Empires run counter to founding principles

William Jennings Bryan

Mark Twain

Fear of labor competition:

Sam Gompers

Colonies too far to defend

American culture?

Andrew Carnegie

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

Reciprocity Treaty

agreement between U.S. and hawaii that allowed certain hawaiian products to be sold in the U.S. without a tariff, while U.S. products could be sold in hawaii without a tariff if hawaii agreed not to make similar treaties with any other country

McKinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

Hawaiian Planters' Uprising

American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani.

Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894 and becomes the governor/leader of Hawaii.

Valeriano Weyler

General sent by Spain to stop Cuban revolt, referred to as the "Butcher" because of harsh tactics "concentration camps, shooting civilian, etc.)

Yellow Journalists

term for the people who exaggerate social issues to make them seem more interesting (stretched the truth)

DeLome Letter

Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador to the U.S.

Criticized President McKinley as weak and a

bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides

being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door

open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.

USS Maine

U.S. Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898; Evidence suggests an internal explosion, however Spanish military was framed by Yellow Journalism; The incident was a catalyst for the Spanish American War

The Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence. "That Splendid Little War" - Nickname given by Teddy Roosevelt

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901 and killed.

Treaty of Paris

(1898) treaty that ended the Spanish American war. Provided that Cuba be free from Spain. Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam. The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines.

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war and getting rid of Spanish rule in Cuba

Platt Amendment

1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign
powers that would endanger its independence.
2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary
to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval
and coaling station.
4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Clayton Bulwer Treaty

1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.

Hay Paunceforte Treaty

Diplomatic agreement of 1901 that permitted the US to build and fortify a Central American canal alone, without British involvement.

Hay-Herran Treaty

A treaty proposed in 1903 between the United States and Colombia over Panama. It was rejected by the Colombian Senate and caused the U.S. to support a bid for the independence for Panama, so that they could build the canal.

Hay- Bunau-Varilla Treaty

(1903) treaty that granted the US land to build the Panama canal in exchange for $10 million and annual payments to Panama. Occurred shortly after Panama's independence. Agreement between Columbia, Britain, and the US.

Dr. William Gorgas

American , doctor and Surgeon General of the United States Army who suppressed yellow fever in Havana (1898) and in the Panama Canal Zone (1904-1913), thereby making construction of the canal possible.

Panama Canal

(TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

Roosevelt Corollary

(TR) , Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force and using the exercise of an international police power, first put into effect in Dominican Republic

Banana Wars

conflicts in Latin American countries and the US involving their major crop (leading export- bananas) in the early 20th century (early 1900's). US tried to secure banana markets by interventions in Central and South America using troops to preserve the connection.

Progressives

A group of reformers who worked to solve problems caused by the rapid industrial urban growth of the late 1800s. (Muckrakers like Thomas Nast Jacob Riis Ida Tarbull
Politicians like: Teddy Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson)

Teddy Roosevelt

Twenty-sixth president of the United States; he focused his efforts on trust busting, environment conservation, and strong foreign policy.

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program, which reflected his three major goals: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection.

Trustbusting

government activity designed to kill trusts or monopolies. Theodore Roosevelt is the U.S. president most associated with dissolving trusts. However, William Howard Taft signed twice as much trust-busting legislation during his presidency. A trust is a monopoly (group of different things all controlled by one management).

Northern Securities Co v US

The owner of the Northern Pacific Railroad, JP Morgan, and the Great Northern Railroad, James J. Hill, Created a company to own and operate the 2 rail lines. Theodore Roosevelt had his Justice Department bring a suit under the Sherman Anti-trust act to break up this company for "restraint of trade"/ Court agreed with Roosevelt and ordered the company to dissolve.

Standard Oil Decision

A 1911 Supreme Court decision that directed the breakup of the Standard Oil Company into smaller companies because its overwhelming market dominance and monopoly power violated antitrust laws.

The Coal Strike of 1902

Strike by the United Coal Workers of America, threatening to shut down the winter coal supply. Theodore Roosevelt intervened federally, and resolved the dispute

Hepburn Act

(1906) law used the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

The author who wrote a book about the horrors of food productions in 1906, the bad quality of meat and the dangerous working conditions.

Robert LaFollette

Republican Senator from Wisconsin - ran for president under the Progressive Party - promoted the Wisconsin Idea.

The Bully Pulpit

the ability to use the office of the presidency to promote a particular program and/or to influence Congress to accept legislative proposals

Conservation

Apart of Teddy Roosevelt's Square deal, the protecting and preserving of natural resources and the environment

Election of 1912

Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

New Freedom Policy

Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.

Underwood-Simmons Tariff

1914, lowered tariff, substantially reduced import fees. Lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was implemented with the 16th amendment.

Federal Reserve Act

legislation in the United States that created the Federal Reserve System. Established economic stability in the U.S. by introducing a central bank to oversee monetary policy.

Federal Trade Commission

A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices like trusts and monoplies and help maintain a competitive economy.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

a piece of legislation, passed by the U.S. Congress and signed into law in 1914, that defines unethical business practices, such as price fixing and monopolies, and upholds various rights of labor.

Wilson Foreign Policy

14 points and League of Nations. Moral diplomacy, moral approach to foreign relations.

Wilson on Race

-imposed racial segregation in DC federal departments
-allowed showing of film Birth of a Nation in white house which glorified the KKK
-blacks skeptical to nations claim of embodying freedom
-Statue of Liberty stood atop of a lynching pole of 3 blackmen in springefield MA

Carrie Chapman Catt

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

Causes of the First World War

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism, Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Sinking of the Lusitania

Cruise ship that was sunk by German submarines and helped bring the US closer to involvement in WWI when 128 Americans on board were killed

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917; Germany's Policy of sinking ships with their U-boats, enemy or neutral, that carry war material

Zimmerman Telegram

March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Texas, New Mexico, Arizona etc to Mexico.

Doughboys

Nickname for American troops in Europe during WWI.

Wilson Centralizes Power

Railway Administration - standardize/prioritize
railroads. Govt control of RR
War Industry Board - fixed prices & managed
production goals - Govt control of Industry
Committee on Public Information - propaganda
to support war effort

Liberty Bonds

American citizens were lending money to the government to pay for the war. The bonds increased in interest over time.

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Espionage Act

Prohibited obtaining information related to national defense with the intent to work against the US. Illegal to encourage insubordination in the military or disrupt recruiting

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

John "Black Jack" Pershing

Commander of American Expeditionary Force of over 1 million troops who insisted his soldiers fight as independent units so US would have independent role in shaping the peace

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans (33 billion dollars)

Henry Cabot Lodge

Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened.

Mandates

A nation governed by another nation on behalf of the League of Nations

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning. Germans would not sink merchant & passenger (non-military) vessels. Wilson - "any little . . . [U-boat] commander can put is into war at any time by some calculated outrage". Violated later with the later resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare

Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

Two newspaper publishers who achieved mass circulation through sensational news coverage (Yellow Journalists) and were voices for Imperialism and for the Spanish American War.

Wisconsin Idea

A policy promoted by Republican governor Robert La Follette of Wisconsin for greater government intervention in the economy, with reliance on experts, particularly progressive economists, for policy recommendations.

Voices of Imperialism

Alfred Thayer Mahan – The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

Joseph Pulitzer/William Randolph Hearst: Journalists (Yellow)

Rev Josiah Strong: Our Country: Its Possible Future and its Present Crisis

Teddy Roosevelt