salmonella part 2

1. Primary division of Salmonella classification is based on

O serogroups.

2. O serogroups are determined by

Major somatic (O) antigen.

3. Original and current designation of O serogroups

A–Z originally, now numbered (e.g., 1–67).

4. Why aren't all 67 O antigens used today

Some were assigned to non-Salmonella bacteria.

5. Two main pathogenesis forms of Salmonella

Gastroenteritis form and Enteric fever form.

6. Entry point of Salmonella infection

Ingestion.

7. Initial colonization site of Salmonella

Intestine.

8. Salmonella entry into cells is aided by

Fimbriae-induced membrane ruffling.

9. What happens after Salmonella is internalized in cells

Replicates and is released.

10. Role of LPS in Salmonella virulence

Resists phagocytosis and complement action.

11. Location of Salmonella persistence in the host

Ileum, cecum, colon, mesenteric lymph nodes.

12. What activates latent or subclinical Salmonella

Stress factors like transport or diet change.

13. Main Salmonella species affecting cattle

S. typhimurium and S. dublin.

14. Symptoms of Salmonella in adult cattle

Fever, diarrhea, drop in milk yield, abortion.

15. Chronic salmonellosis in calves may result in

Dry gangrene and bone lesions.

16. Salmonella serotypes affecting horses

S. abortus equi and S. typhimurium.

17. Common symptom of salmonellosis in pregnant horses

Abortion at full term.

18. Clinical signs in foals with Salmonella

Septicemia, diarrhea, death in 2–3 days.

19. Common Salmonella serotypes in sheep/goats

S. abortus ovis and S. typhimurium.

20. Timing of abortion in sheep/goats due to Salmonella

Last month of pregnancy.

21. Salmonella serotypes in pigs

S. cholera suis and S. typhimurium.

22. Acute pig paratyphoid symptoms

Fever, inappetence, blue ears/snouts.

23. Poultry diseases caused by Salmonella

Pullorum disease, fowl typhoid, avian paratyphoid.

24. Characteristic symptom in chicks with Pullorum disease

Pasty white vent, respiratory distress.

25. Fowl typhoid mortality rate

50%.

26. Liver condition in fowl typhoid

Dark red or bile-stained with necrosis.

27. Diagnostic samples for Salmonella

Feces, blood, tissue lesions, milk, eggs.

28. Enrichment media used for Salmonella diagnosis

Peptone water.

29. Agglutination test titre indicating infection in horses (O antigen)

1

30. Agglutination test titre indicating infection in cattle

O antigen 1

31. Poultry titre cutoffs for Salmonella

O antigen 1

32. Quick test for Pullorum disease

Whole blood agglutination test.

33. Tube agglutination test positive titre

1 in 40.

34. Live vaccines in cattle/horses/sheep

Effective but may cause carrier state.

35. Type of vaccine safe but less effective long-term

Killed vaccine.

36. Live attenuated vaccine in cattle is used for

S. dublin.

37. Vaccine types used in poultry

Live attenuated or killed.

38. Common antibiotics for salmonellosis

Chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline, neomycin, etc.

39. Public health concern with Salmonella

Zoonotic transmission via food.

40. Symptoms in humans from food-borne Salmonella

Severe gastroenteritis.

41. Liver lesion in Pullorum disease

Yellow with hemorrhagic streaks.

42. Chronic Pullorum lesion in ovaries

Pedunculated and misshapen ovules.

43. Congestion/necrosis of liver and spleen is seen in

Avian paratyphoid.

44. Abomasum/small intestine lesions in sheep/goats

Congestion and hemorrhage.

45. Lesions in aborted equine fetuses

Petechiae in heart/spleen/lungs.

46. Lesions in pigs

Hemorrhages in mucosa, kidney, skin discoloration.

47. Common lesion in fowl typhoid

Enlarged, bile-stained liver with necrosis.

48. Latent Salmonella infection location

Gall bladder (non-excreting).

49. Role of fimbriae in pathogenesis

Helps in adherence to mucosal cells.

50. Major antigen responsible for endotoxin activity in Salmonella

LPS (O antigen).