SOMERSET'S FOREIGN POLICY

In what way was Edward interested in foreign policy?

interested in war and chivalry, in his chronicle one of the papers he produced was about the 100 years war, talked about leaders, strategies and finances

What was edward’s response to meeting Marshal St Andre?

got very excited

What did Marshal St Andre award Edward with?

awarded him title of knight of Order of St Michael (medieval chivalry order in France)

What was Edward well informed about?

Military endevaurs and had frequent conversations with ambassadors

What did Edward have a say in?

the defense, castles, forts, military spending even in his marriage policy in relation to foreign policy, all mentioned in his chronicle

When did Edward start to attend privy council meetings, what was the impact of this in regards to foreign policy?

under Northumberland, setting agenda such as the defence of Dartmouth castle

What wars in 1552 (under Northumberland) did Edward record?

The Hapsburg Valois wars

What was Edwrad’s influence on foreign policy?

very minimal, too young, minimal increase under Northumberland, but both Somerset and Northumberland were experienced leaders and Edward was too young to need to prove himself yet

What was tricky to control in garrisons?

soldiers were tricky to control, rebelled, ran away, huge outbreaks of the plague, awful conditions

What were the benefits of the garrisons to the Scottish?

assured those who looked favourably upon English intervention

Who did the english recruit after they struggled to recruit English people?

Albania, Hungary, Italy and Spain, but by 1549 even they refused to serve in Scotland

What were the issues with supplies at garrisons?

needed substantial supplies, when supplies ran out the soldiers toom from the locals, worsening relations

What would garrisons enable the english to do?

launch rapid reprisal raids after Scottish attacks

How large were garrisons?

only had a few hundred so they could hold off a scottish attack but could not drive off an attack or defeat them

How much did Somerset’s garrisons vs henry’s raids cost?

351,521 vs 235,383

How many garrisons were substantial fortresses?

2, the rest were simply camps with improvised ramparts on the sites of old castles

How had henry’s policies of raids been seen?

as an expensive failure

What kind of solution was garrisoning seen to be?

long term solution to the scottish policy of guerrilla warfare which major invasions could do nothing about

What did a peermanant english presece in scotland hope to achieve?

help to secure the accceptance of the marriage of Ed and Mary Queen of Scots

How did the English aim to avoid antagonising the locals whilst garrisoning?

didn’t take taxes, asupplies, rents from the locals living near the garrisons

What is the final nail in the coffin of Somerset?

France decalre war in Autumn 1549

What happens in foreign policy in regards to charles V?

very little

How much was spent on the scottish campaigns?

1,368,000 in ewdrad’s reign, 580,00 on Somerste’s scottish campaigns

How did Somerset pay for the scottish campaigns?

debasement, selling off of the chantries (short term gain) raised extra parliamentary taxation, sold crown land and borrowed from european bankers (Fuggers) at huge interest rates

What did Somerset begin to tax, what was the knock on effect?

sheep (hit areas like chudleigh and dartmoor hard), rumours sprang up that they will tax pigs and geese

What is agreed upon about the state of Somerset’s military capabilities?

good at field battles (pinkie) but but a bad commander (indecisive, didn’t exploit haddington or pinkie)

WHat impossible situation did Somerset inherit?

economic issues, failure of the rough wooing, Bouolgne, MQS

What odds were always against Somerset?

he was never going to isolate Scotland or break the Auld alliance

What was the treatment of Mary like under Edward?

under Somerset, was mostly left alone as she promised to not interact with politics, under Northumberland she was treated badly, largely as Edwrad became older and more fanatical

What alliance was edward planning?

French, as he would marry Mary Queen of Scots

As well as being anti-english who does Henry II also hate, why?

Charles V, as he was his prisoner in 1526 under the treaty of Madrid

What wars had Charles V just won?

victory over the Protestants at the battle of Muhlberg in 154, Luther had died in 1546 so he was in an incredibly strong situation

What was Charles V safe from?

the ottomans as they were currently attacking Persia but they were still a threat in Hungary

What English concept was Charles V worried about?

the treatment of MAry

What was the impact of Charles’ victory over the protestants?

shifts the balance of power hugely, biggest enemy for Charles is now gone, can now champion the catholic church

Why was there no league of Schmalkalden?

it was hugley struggling, especially after the loss of the war of schmalkalden and the death of luther

When did Francis die?

March 1547

What are militia?

part time soldiers

What kid of soldiers do the english have?

full time soldiers

What did Somerset decide to continue that Henruy ahd already started?

the rough wooing and the marriage with Mary

What did henry do in response to the ascension of Henry II?

strengthened the defences around Bouologne and Calais

what happened after in June 1547 the auld alliance was renewed?

the french sent a fleet of 4000 troops to Scotland

How did Somerset respond to the reignition of the auld alliance?

invaded Scotland (using the excuse of arranging the marriage with MQS under the trety of Greenwich in 1543)

What happened when England invaded Scotland in September 1547?

18,000 troops, 4500 cavalry, 20,000 poorly equipped scottish militia, at the battle of Pinkie Clough (near Edinburgh). England won but didn’t take Edinbrugh or Dunbar

What was the big failure of the battle of Pinkie Clough?

not followe up, so failed to secure the position (Dunbar or Edinburfg), so not decisive enough to control Scotland but did give the English control of the border, Somerset still worried about France

What did Somerset do after the battle of Pinkie Clough?

Somerset left Scotland due to other concerns in England and fears of the French

Why is it surprising that the Scottish rallied behind Mary of Guise?

She was scottish and french, but the scottish hated the English more

When does MAry Queen of Scots return to Scotland?

1561

What do the Scots do when they rally behind Mary of Guise?

asked for more French help and agreed that MQS could go to France to marry son of King of France

How did Somerset try to isolate Scotland?

by opening negotiaitions with France, but France wasn’t interested

What appeal did Somerset make in January 1548?

to the scots for a union and a marriage of edward and MQS but Scotland wasn’t interested

What fleet landed in June 1548?

a french one that landed in Scotland with 10,000 troops, MQS taken away to France in August 1548

How did the English respond to the 10,000 french troops?

strengthened the border towns of Carlisle and Berwick

Where did the french lay siege to in Scotland?

Haddington (a scottish garrison town) with 5000 English soldiers

What gamble does Somerset take?

believed the French wouldn’t attack Bouolgne (too close to the netherlands) so decided to only send troops to Scotland, sent 12,000 infantry and 1,8000 cavalry cavalry to relieve haddington

Why did Somerset believe that the french wouldn’t attack Boulogne?

it was too close to the netherlands, and there was currently a lull in the Hapsburg-Valois rivalry that the French didn’t want to renew

How did the English reinforcement of Haddington go?

success, French retreated but them Somerset retreated so the french resumed the seige but didn’t take haddington as they ran out of supplies and the scots were turning aginst the French as they were fed up with french soldiers in their country

What happened to England in August 1549?

rebellions broke out in England, Somerset kept troops in Scotland but rebellions got out of hand, so somerset eventually recalled troops and fleet, fleet now defended the channeland soliders deal with the rebellions

What did the French do when Somserset recalled the ttroops from Scotland?

resumed the seige of Boulogne, no help from the english as they were dealing with rebellion (western and Kett)