sts final reviewer

Technology

transforms the modern world by driving innovation, enhancing daily tasks, and connecting people across the globe. It transforms teaching and learning through tools like videos, apps, and online platforms. It allows flexible access, supports lesson planning, and monitors progress.

Online learning

also known as e-learning, digital learning, or virtual learning, is a form of education where instruction and learning occur on the Internet using digital tools or platforms.

Synchronous

Learning is a real-time interaction between instructors and students through video conferencing tools like Zoom, Skype, Google Meet, chat rooms, or virtual classrooms.

Asynchronous

Learning is a self-paced learning where students access materials and complete assignments at their own pace. It includes pre-recorded lectures, discussion forums, online quizzes, and other interactive elements.

Blended

Learning is a combination of online instruction with traditional face-to-face instruction. Students may attend some classes in person while completing others online.

Founder Sal Khan in 2006

Khan Academy offers educational videos, exercises, and resources for a wide range of subjects.

Founded: Luis von Ahn and Severin Hacker in 2011.

Duolingo is a language learning platform that offers courses in various languagesthrough interactive games and lessons.

Founder: Andrew Sutherland, a 15-year-old student at that time, founded it in October 2005 and made it public in January 2007.

Quizlet is a tool for studying and memorization. It allows students to create flashcards, practice quizzes, and share study materials.

Founder: Johan Brand, Jamie Brooker, Morten Versvik, and Professor Alf Inge Wang

Kahoot! It allows educators to create interactive multiplechoice quizzes called "Kahoots". It utilizes music, timers, and leaderboards to engage students and make learning fun.is a leaderboards to engage students and make learning fun. is a Norwegian online game-based learning platform launched in 2012.

Economic Barriers

– Financial challenges, especially the cost of devices and internet services, are significant contributors to the digital divide.

Government Initiatives

The National Broadband Plan aims to expand internet access across the country, focusing on underserved areas. Programs like DepEd's Learning Continuity Plan and the Bayanihan Act support students by providing devices and internet subsidies.

NGO and Community Projects

– The Gearing Up Internet Literacy and Access for Students (GILAS) program aims to provide internet access and digital literacy to public secondary schools in the Philippines. It began as a partnership with the private sector and was handed over to DepEd in 2011.

Robotics

involves designing machines that can perform tasks autonomously or with human control, such as the Roomba, a robot vacuum cleaner.

Reactive Machines AI

These are the most basic type of AI. They do not store memories or learn from past experiences; they only respond to the current input.

Example: IBM’s Deep Blue, a computer developed in the 1990s, is a classic example.

Limited Memory AI

This type of AI can use past data to make better decisions, but it only stores information for a short period. Most AI systems we use today belong to this category.

Example: Self-driving cars use data from recent trips to adjust speed or avoid obstacles. Virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa remember your recent commands to give better responses.

Theory of Mind AI (still under development)

This type of AI aims to understand human emotions, beliefs, intentions, and social interactions. It is still under development and has not yet been fully realized.

Example: Sophia the Robot, developed by Hanson Robotics, shows early progress toward this goal. She can recognize facial

Learning Management Systems (LMS)

are platforms that can manage, deliver, and track learning processes.

Examples: Canvas LMS is a cloud-based Learning Management System (LMS) launched in 2011 and built by Instructure, Inc.

CYPHER Learning (formerly NEO LMS)

is a global AI-powered learning platform that provides advanced learning management systems (LMS) for schools, businesses, and entrepreneurs.

Founded by Graham Glass in 2009.

Educational Content Platforms

provide subject-based content and exercises.

Video Conferencing Tools

support synchronous learning and online interaction.

Eric Yuan founded it and officially launched it in 2013.

Zoom is a video conferencing platform widely used for live online classes, meetings, and group discussions

Digital divide

in the Philippines refers to the gap between individuals, communities, and regions that have access to modern information and communication technologies (ICTs) and those that do not.

Microsoft Teams

is a collaboration and communication platform launched by Microsoft in 2017. It organizes conversations by channels and integrates with Microsoft 365 tools.

Geographic Disparities

– Rural areas often lack infrastructure for reliable internet access, which creates a divide between urban and rural communities.

Sensors

help robots understand their surroundings by detecting factors such as temperature, light, pressure, sound, and movement.

Example: Self-driving cars use cameras and LiDAR (Light

Detection and Ranging)

Actuators

enable robot movement by functioning-like muscles. They perform actions such as turning wheels, lifting arms, or rotating joints, and are typically powered by electricity, compressed air, or hydraulic fluids.

Example: A robotic arm in a factory uses electric actuators to pick up and place items on an assembly line with speed and precision.

Controllers

serve as the ‘brain’ of a robot: they process data from sensors, make decisions, and direct actuators to perform tasks

Narrow AI (Weak AI)

– This type of AI is designed to perform a specific task and cannot go beyond what it was trained to do. Generative AI is a form of Narrow AI that creates new content, such as text, images, music, or code, by learning patterns from large datasets.

ChatGPT or DALL·E

generate content, but they can only perform their specific tasks and do not truly understand the content like humans do.

General AI (Strong AI)

This AI would have the ability to comprehend, learn, and apply knowledge across different tasks— like how humans think and adapt.

Accountability

Be responsible for the actions and outcomes of AI and robotics systems. Developers and users must be prepared to respond to the unintended consequences of these technologies.

Integrity

Be transparent about AI and robotics capabilities and avoid biases. Fairness and honesty in AI systems prevent discrimination and encourage trust.

Mindfulness

Be aware of the impact of AI and robotics on society, jobs, and privacy. Ethical use means considering social, environmental, and economic effects.