immuno exam 1

monocytes

Immune

protected from future infections same disease

immune system

network specialized cells and tissues defens body against infect.

Immunity

state of protec. against infectious disease

Vaccination

exposes indiv to harmless form of microorg and trains immune syst.

immunology

study of physiological mechanisms used to defend body

Microbes

digestive enzymes; grow on living tissues bathed in nutrients

intracellular microbes

virus; infects animal/human cells; utilizes host cell

protective immunity

provided when immune system first engages microorganism

Primary immune response (adaptive)

has a lag time bet. infection and protection 7 days

edward jenner 1796

milkmaids w cowpox (vaccinia) not susceptible to smallpox; tested on 8yr old

pathogen

org. w potential to cause disease

opportunistic pathogen

cuses disease if body defenses are low or gets into part of body not normally in

extracellular

bacteria

disease of bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis

tuberculosis

disease of virus variola

smallpox

disease of virus influenZA

flu

disease of virus HIV

aids

disease of virus SARS cov 2

covid 19

disease of fungi candida albicans

thrush

disease of parasite trypanosoma brucei

sleeping sickness

adaptive immune response

flexible but specific

Innate immune response

fixed defenses born w or present naturally

commensal bacteria

no harm to host; antibiotics taken bad and good bacteria killed; a lot in human gut

epithelium

layers of cells line outer surface and inner cavities of bosy

mucosal surfaces (mucosae

specilaized tissue used to communicate w envir

Mucus

thick layer coats mucosal surfaces (cont. glycoproteins, proteoglycans, enzymes)

antimicrobial peptides

produces by epithelia to kill bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses (defensins)

defensins

poke holes in pathogens

lysozyme

tears and saliva; antibacterial

Innate immune resposne

works when physical barriers breached; det. by genes imherited by parents

innate response has 2 parts

recognition and recruitmetn of cells

cytokines

messenger protein released by infected cells and signals effector cells to start immune resp.

inflammation

immune response marked by heat, pain, redness, and swelling

endothelium

thin epithelial layer lining blood vessels

edema

swelling caused by leakage of plasma

inflammatory cells

white blood cells migrate to infected tissue intensifying inflammation

effector mechanism

destroys pathogens after recognition; uses efffector cells

Complement (innate)

proteins tag invader for uptake (phagocytosis) by other immune cells and destroys path. by poking holes in microbe

Innate

first line; works fast; rise to inflamm resp; some specificity; diff receptors to recognize path.

Adaptive

7 days to develop; highly specific antigens; uses primary and secondary resp; remembera microbe; t and b cells

secondary resposne

activateds wheb adaptive has been exposed to path before

lymphocyte selection and proliferation (adaptive)

lymphocyte has single specificity; lymphocyte recep will prolfierate if foreign epitope is recognized; 1 receptor= 1 t or b cell

lymphoid cells (lymphocytes)

20-50% white blood cel include T, B, and NK cells

Are T and B cells adap or innate

adaptive

are Nk cells adap or innate

innate natural killer cell

mononulcear phagocytes

are monocytes; circulate the blood; precursor to macrophages

What are granulocytic cells

granulocytes =; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils;

What does Ben represent

represents the darkest to lightest staining in granulocytes

Dendritic cells (precursor of myeloid)

high levels of surface MHC class 2 mol; present w MHC1; ; recognize antigens using innate recept and present to t cells of adaptive resp.

Mast cells (precursor of myeloid)

in skin, connective tissue, and mucosal epithelial tissue of respitory and digestive tracts. degranulates when activated

abundance of neutrophils in blood

40-75%

abundance of lymphocytes (WBC) in blood

20-50%

What are the adaptive lymphocytes

B and C cells; theyre small; not activated; no antigen

what are the innate lymphocytes

Nk cells; natural killers

T helper cells (th)

cd4 cell; produces cytokines

T cytotocic cell (TC)

cd8 cell

Neutrophils

innat eimmunity; specilaized in capture, engulfment, and killing of microbes; short lived; die at site of infection; pus forming

pyogenic

pus forming

NK cells

innate primary fighter cell; foubnd throughout body; secrete interferon gammas (cytokine); prevents replication

monocytes

come out blood stream during hemato. and go into circulation to become macrophages (gain size and killing ability)

Macrophages

main leukocyte in tissue standing gaurd; sends out chemokines and cytokines

how do mast cells us fc receptors

recog portion of antibody and bonds to them; allergied parasitic infection

Follicular dendritic cells (FDC)

hold intact antigens in lymphoid tissue found in follicales (secondary lymphoud tissue)';presents antigens to B cells

eospinophils

granular leukocyte; stains red; present at low levels circulation 1-6%; sometimes phagoytic but usually secretes granuoles; kills parasites

Basophils

stain blue; low number in circulation 0.2%; like all granuolcytes prod. fro stem cells in bone marrow

erythrocytes

bind to immune complex carry to liver whre cleaned; born in bone marrow

where do neutrophils strat

bone marrow; release on demand; degraded by macrophaged

phagocytic process

phagodyte attracted to site

contact w microbe

ingestion

kills microbe by oxygen and non oxygen mechanisms

Opsonization

micorbes become more palatable to phagocyte

Phagosome

engulfs bacterium that is bound to the phagocycotic receptor of a macrophage

phagolyzosome

when a phagosome and lysosome fuse; cont. toxic molecules and emzymes to kill bacteria

bacterial components bind to?

signaling recepto rto send signal to macrophage nucleus; initiates transcription for imflamm. cytokines

il 17

activates and recruits neutrophils used for bac and fungi

IL 4

activates b cells used for allegries/ pararsites

IL 5

activates eospinophils

antigens

molecule bound to by an antibody or by MHC and presented to T cell

antibodies (immunoglobins)

prot mol. synthesis by cells of immune system; humans use body fluids; rec antigens

T cells (TCR)

recognize antigens when presented by another cell on a MHC

FAB

part of thw antigen binding the top portion

MHC

Major Histocompatablilty complex; TCR recognize antigen short peptide

B cells recog antigens alone

T cells do not recog independent antigen

MHC 2

presents peptide from extracellular pathogens; only PAPC uses MHC2

Primary lymphoid organs

Thymus (tcell); Bone marrow (bcell); maturation of lymphocytes take place

Secondsry organs

lymphnodes, spleen, trap antigens and promote activation

spleen

filters blood; red pulp are dead cells out of circ; white pulp organized secondary tissues

Galt

tonsils, adenoids, appendix, peyers patches

peyers patches

pathogens arrive through direcct delivery across mucosa mediated by special cells called m cells

3 pathways in complement

alternative all the time

lectin ( hours)

classical (7 days)

complement alternative

last to be activted; ubiquitous in blood and lymph; soluble proteases curc inactibe form called zymogens=used immed.

alternative

occurs low rate in blood; ic3 or c3 prod od hydrolisis no cleavage at c3; ic3 binds to B in blood oe ECF making B open for cleavage; ic3bb produced; cleave c3 into c3a and c3b

complement receptors

cr1 rec c3b and plays prot role; cr2 recog c3d; cr3 and cr4 recog ic3b

bidning c3b and c3Bb forms?

alt. c5 convertase = c3b2BB initates membrane attack complex

cd59

stops pore formation

c3a and c5a (accute inflammation

bind recept to mast cell; c5 inc adherance of monocytes and neutrophils;

control protein

ensured c3b densley deposited on microbial surface (properdin= factorp)

Negative regulation of complement

brake pedal; factor H protein reduces compl. making c3b cleavage by factoe 1

classical pathway

first to be discovered; bind to some bacterial surfaces; bind to c reactibe prot.; c1 complex: cla, c1,ds used to cleave prot.

clq binds and activated clr which is cleaved and activates cls`

PRRS

recognize pathogen association molecular patter; recept not distributed evenly

Damps

associated w damaged cells