Some Families of Organic Compounds

0.0(0)
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/96

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

97 Terms

1
New cards

When does tetrahedral geometry only occur?

Saturated compounds with four single bonds

2
New cards

Name two types of compounds that are tetrahedral?

Chloroalkanes. Alcohols

3
New cards

Chloroalkane (definition)

A compound in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced by chlorine atoms

4
New cards

Draw chloromethane

<p>…</p>
5
New cards

Draw trichloromethane

<p>…</p>
6
New cards

Draw 1,2-dichloropropane

<p>…</p>
7
New cards

Uses of chloroalkanes

Industrial solvents e.g. dry cleaning

8
New cards

In what solvents are chloroalkanes soluble in?

Non polar solvents

9
New cards

What form are chloroalkanes in at room temperature?

Liquid

10
New cards

Functional group (definition)

An atom or group of atoms which are responsible for the characteristic properties of an organic compound or a series of organic compounds

11
New cards

Functional group of alcohols

OH

12
New cards

What kind of bonding is between O and H?

Hydrogen bonding

13
New cards

Draw ethanol

<p>…</p>
14
New cards

Draw methanol

<p>…</p>
15
New cards

Draw propan-2-ol

<p>…</p>
16
New cards

Primary alcohol (definition)

An alcohol where the carbon atom bonded to the OH group is bonded to 1 other carbon

17
New cards

Draw a primary alcohol

<p>…</p>
18
New cards

Secondary alcohol (definition)

An alcohol where the carbon atom bonded to the OH group is bonded to 2 other carbons

19
New cards

Draw a secondary alcohol

<p>…</p>
20
New cards

Tertiary alcohol (definition)

An alcohol where the carbon atom bonded to the OH group is bonded to 3 other carbons

21
New cards

Draw a tertiary alcohol

<p>…</p>
22
New cards

Use of ethanol/alcohols

Found in alcoholic drinks

23
New cards

How is ethanol made?

Fermenting glucose using yeast

24
New cards

Equation for fermentation

C6H12O6 → 2CH5OH +2CO2

25
New cards

Do alcohols have higher or lower boiling points than their corresponding alkanes e.g. ethanol and ethane?

Higher

26
New cards

Why do alcohols have higher boiling points than their corresponding alkanes?

Due to the hydrogen bonding between the O and the H

27
New cards

What is added to prevent people from drinking industrial ethanol?

Methanol

28
New cards

Why does methanol prevent people from drinking industrial ethanol?

Methanol is toxic

29
New cards

What happens to ethanol after methanol is added and what’s it now called?

Becomes denatured and is known as methylated spirits

30
New cards

Are alcohols soluble in water?

Only small alcohol molecules. Larger ones are soluble on non-polar solve ts

31
New cards

Why are only small alcohol molecules soluble in water?

Hydrogen bonding between O and H. Effect of hydrogen bonding decreases as molecule gets larger

32
New cards

What is a planar carbon?

A carbon with planar geometry

33
New cards

In what type of molecules does planar geometry occur in?

Unsaturated

34
New cards

Name 5 types of planar compunds

Aldehydes. Ketones. Carboxylique acids. Esters. Benzene/natural compounds with benzene

35
New cards

Functional groups of aldehydes

CHO

36
New cards

What name ending are given to the compounds of Aldehydes?

“Al”

37
New cards

Where are double bonds located in aldehydes?

The edge

38
New cards

What part of aldehydes is polar

The double CO bond

39
New cards

What shape is the rest of the aldehyde (C-H)?

Tetrahedral

40
New cards

What is a carbonyl group?

C = O

41
New cards

Draw methanal

<p>…</p>
42
New cards

Draw propanal

<p>…</p>
43
New cards

Boiling points of aldehydes compared to alkanes

Boiling points of aldehydes are higher than the respective alkanes

44
New cards

Why do aldehydes have higher boiling points than their respective alkanes?

Dipole-dipole forces between the aldehyde molecules are stronger than weaker Van-der-Waals forces between alkane molecules

45
New cards

Boiling points of aldehydes compared to corresponding alcohols

Boiling points of aldehydes are lower than their corresponding alcohols

46
New cards

Why do aldehydes have higher boiling points than their respective alcohols?

Dipole-dipole forces in aldehydes are weaker than hydrogen bonding in alcohols

47
New cards

Are aldehydes soluble in water? Why?

Only small molecules are soluble because of the polar carbonyl group

48
New cards

Name an aromatic aldehyde

Benzaldehyde

49
New cards

Draw benzaldehyde

<p>…</p>
50
New cards

What does benzaldehyde smell like?

Almonds

51
New cards

Where is benzaldehyde found?

Almond kernels

52
New cards

What is benzaldehyde used as?

Flavouring agent

53
New cards

Functional group of ketones

CO

54
New cards

Name ending for ketones

One

55
New cards

Draw propanone

<p>…</p>
56
New cards

Draw butan-2-one

<p>…</p>
57
New cards

What is propanone also known as?

Acetone

58
New cards

What is propanone used for?

Nail polish remover

59
New cards

Where is the carbonyl group located on ketones?

On a central carbon

60
New cards

What kind of intermolecular forces do ketones have?

Dipole-dipole

61
New cards

Boiling points of ketones are … than their respective alkanes

Higher

62
New cards

Why are the boiling points of ketones higher than their corresponding alkanes?

Dipole-dipole forces (ketones) are stronger than the Van-der-Waals forces (alkanes)

63
New cards

Boiling points of ketones are … than their respective alcohols

Lower

64
New cards

Why are the boiling points of ketones lower than their corresponding alcohols?

Dipole-dipole forces (ketones) are weaker than hydrogen bonding (alcohols)

65
New cards

Are ketones soluble in water? Why?

Small molecules are soluble in water due to the polar carbonyl group. Larger the ketone molecule the less soluble due to the effect of the carbonyl group decreasing

66
New cards

Corresponding aldehydes and ketones are … (e.g. propanol and propanone)

Structural isomers

67
New cards

Carboxylic acid functional group

COOH

68
New cards

Name ending of carboxylic acids

oic acid

69
New cards

Where is the COOH located on carboxylic acids?

End of the molecule at the same carbon

70
New cards

Draw ethanoic acid?

<p>…</p>
71
New cards

What acid is found in nettle and ant stings?

Methanoic/formic acid

72
New cards

What is ethanoic/acetic acid used for (2)?

Flavouring agent in vinegar. Makes cellulose acetate (camera film)

73
New cards

Use of propanone acid and benzoic acid?

Preservatives in food

74
New cards

What kind of bonding do carboxylic acid molecules have?

Hydrogen bonding

75
New cards

Boiling points off carboxylic acid are … than their respective alkanes, aldehydes, alcohols and ketones. Why?

Higher. Strong hydrogen bonding between the carboxylic acid molecules are stronger than the Van-der-Waals and Dipole-Dipole forces between the others

76
New cards

Are carboxylic acid molecules soluble in water? Why?

Small carboxylic molecules are soluble. Longer the carbon chain, the less soluble the carboxylic acid is in water due to the effect of the hydrogen bonding decreasing

77
New cards

Functional group of esters

COOC

78
New cards

Name ending for esters

“-yl -oate”

79
New cards

How to get the chemical formula of an ester from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?

Drop H from carboxylic acid. Drop OH from alcohol

80
New cards

How are esters formed?

Alcohol and carboxylic acid are reacted with sulphuric acid used as a catalyst

81
New cards

What kind of reaction is the formation of an ester?

Condensation reaction

82
New cards

Why is the formation of esters called a condensation reaction?

Loss of a water molecule

83
New cards

Process of naming an ester

Identify which part is from the carboxylic acid and which is from the alcohol. Name the section from the alcohol first. Name carboxylic acid and change the “oic acid” to ”oate”. Combine names.

84
New cards

What are esters used as?

Flavourings and fragrances because they have sweet, fruity scents

85
New cards

What kind of organic compounds are fats and oils?

Esters

86
New cards

What kind of intermolecular forces do esters have? Why?

Dipole-dipole due to the carbonyl group

87
New cards

Are esters soluble in water? Why?

Small esters are soluble because of the Dipole-Dipole forces. The longer the carbon chain, the less soluble due to a decrease of the effect of the C = O.

88
New cards

Are fats and oils soluble in water? Why?

Insoluble as they are large esters

89
New cards

Why is there a ring in aromatic compounds?

Positions of double bonds aren’t fixed

90
New cards

Why are the electrons in a benzene ring delocalised?

The three pi bonds of the three double bonds in the benzene ring are shared and move from carbon to carbon

91
New cards

Evidence for aromatic compounds being stable?

Bond lengths between carbon atoms are identical

92
New cards

What do aromatic compounds contain?

Benzene ring

93
New cards

What are organic natural products?

Compounds made in nature that contain benzene rings

94
New cards

Examples of organic natural products

Cocaine (lab). Paracetamol (lab). Eugenol (clove oil) (natural)

95
New cards

Draw ethylbenzene

<p>…</p>
96
New cards

Draw methyl ethanoate

<p>…</p>
97
New cards

Draw ethyl methanoate

<p>…</p>