11. PROBLEM SOLVING & CREATIVITY

Problem Solving

The process of overcoming obstacles that block a direct path to a solution.

Problem Identification

Assessing whether a problem exists.

Problem Definition and Representation

Clarifying what exactly the problem is.

Strategy Formulation

Developing ways to solve the problem, including analysis, synthesis, divergent thinking, and convergent thinking.

Well-Structured Problems

Problems that have clear paths to a solution.

Ill-Structured Problems

Problems that lack clear steps and often require insight or a shift in perspective.

Isomorphic Problems

Problems that appear different but share the same underlying structure.

Insight

An 'a-ha' moment in solving problems that can build gradually.

Incubation

Setting the problem aside to allow subconscious processing.

Negative Transfer

When previous experience interferes with solving a new problem.

Positive Transfer

When previous experience aids in solving a new problem.

Mental Sets

Approaching problems in familiar ways, even if they do not work.

Entrenchment

When a mental set is too rigid and deeply ingrained.

Functional Fixedness

The inability to see an object used for something other than its intended purpose.

Stereotypes

Beliefs that members of a group share certain traits that can block creative thinking.

Expertise

Deep knowledge in a field that is organized into useful chunks.

Automatic Expert Processes

Steps that experts often automatize through practice to focus on complex aspects of a problem.

Creativity

Producing something original and worthwhile.

Divergent Production

The measure of how many diverse and appropriate solutions one can generate.

Global Planning

Spending time defining the big picture in problem solving, often seen in individuals with high intelligence.

Local Planning

Focusing on details of implementation, often taking less time for those with higher intelligence.

Intrinsic Motivation

The internal drive to engage in activities for their own sake, rather than for external rewards.

Mental Blocks

Obstacles that prevent individuals from seeing all possible solutions to a problem.

Problem-Solving Cycle

The iterative process of identifying, defining, and solving a problem.

Resource Allocation

Determining the amount of time, energy, and money to invest in a problem.

Monitoring

Keeping track of progress to see if one is on the right track in problem solving.

Evaluation

Assessing the effectiveness of a solution after attempting to solve a problem.

Divergent Thinking

Generating many ideas as part of the strategy formulation in problem solving.

Convergent Thinking

Narrowing down to the best solution from many generated ideas.