Newman, Peplau, and Travelbee

Margaret Newman

She made the concepts of the theory of health as expanding conciousness

Health

• Encompasses disease and non-disease.

• It can be regarded as the evolving pattern of the

person and the environment.

• It is a process of developing awareness of self

and environment together with an increasing

ability to perceive alternatives and respond in a

variety of ways.

Pattern

• Depicts the whole, and understanding of the

meaning of all relationships at once.

• Whatever manifests itself in a person’s life is the

explication of the underlying pattern within the

person.

• Pattern recognition occurs within the observer. Newman suggest that more of the pattern s revealed as the time frame is expanded

Conciousness

• The informational capacity of the system and the ability of the system to interact with the environment

• It includes not only cognitive and affective

  awareness, such as thinking and feeling, but also

  the interconnectedness of the entire system that

  includes biochemical maintenance and growth

  processes.

Movement-Space-Time

It is a reflection of consciousness that indicates inner organization or disorganization of persons; it communicates the harmony or a person’ s pattern with the environment

Movement

Is an essential property of matter and the change that occurs between two states of rest.

Time and timing

It is considered as an index of conciousness

Space

Is discussed in conjunction with time and movement.

Person (Newman)

• The human is unitary

• Persons as individuals, and human beings as a species are identified by their patterns of consciousness

• They are the center of “consciousness” 

Health (Newman)

• The fusion on one state of being (disease) with its

  opposite (non-disease) results in what can be

  regarded as health”.

Environment (Newman)

• It is the universe of open systems

Nursing (Newman)

• “Caring in the human health experience“

• It is seen as a partnership between the nurse and client

Hildegard Paplau

She made the theory of interpersonal relations

Orientation phase

• This is the initial interaction between the nurse and the patient

• At the end of this phase, the nurse and the patient

  concurrently strive to identify the problem and

  are becoming more comfortable with one

  another.

Working phase

• Where perceptions and expectations of both the nurse and patient take place

• Clarify each others perceptions and expectations

• Where the patient work collaboratively with the nurse

Termination phase

• This is where the nurse and the patient terminate their therapeutic relationship

• The patient becomes independent

• Occurs only if the previous phase is successful

Nursing roles

Teacher, counselor, leader, resource person, surrogate, technical expert

Teacher

One who imparts knowldege

Counselor

• The listening friend

• And understanding family member

Leader

• One who carries the process of initiation and maintenance of group goals through interactions

Resource person

• The nurse provides specific answers to questions

Surrogate

• One who takes the place of another

Technical expert

The nurse provides physical care using clinical skills

Pattern recognition

Identification of patterns within the interpersonal relationships

Complementary

Occurs when the behavior

of one person fits with and

complements the

behavior of the other.

Mutual

Occurs when the same or

similar behaviors are used

by both persons.

Alternating

Occurs when different

behaviors used by two

persons alternate between

the two persons.

Antagonistic

Occurs if the behaviors of

two persons do not fit but

the relationship

continues.

Person (Peplau)

• Organisms that are unstable in equilibrium

Health (Peplau)

• It symbolizes movement of personality and other ongoing human processes

Environment (Peplau)

Forces existing outside the organism

Nursing (Peplau)

It is a human relationship between an individual who is sick, and a nurse

Joyce Travelbee

She made the theory of human to human relationship model

Human to human relationship model

It is based on the concepts of existentialism by Soren Kierkegaard and logotheraphy by Viktor Franki

Suffering

The feeling of uneaseM

Meaning

It is the reason of oneself attributes

Nursing

It is to help man to find meaning in the experience of illness and suffering

Hope

• It is a faith that can and will be changed that would bring something better with it

• Its core lies in a fundamental trust in the outside world, and a belief that others will help someone when you need i

6 Important Characteristics of Hope

1. It is strongly associated with dependence on other

people.

2. It is future oriented.

3. It is linked to elections from several alternatives or

escape routes out of its situation.

4. The desire to possess any object or condition, to

complete a task or have an experience.

5. Confidence that others will be there for one when

you need them.

6. The hoping person is in possession of courage to

be able to acknowledge its shortcomings and fears

and go forward towards its goal.

Communication

A strict necessity for good nursing care

Using himself therapeutic

• “ Ones ability to use itself as a therapeutic”

• Self awareness and self understanding

Series of Interactional Phases

Original encounter, Emerging identities, empathy, sympathy, rapport

Original Encounter

It is described as the first impression of the nurse

Emerging identites

• Perceiving each other as unique individuals

• The link of relationship begins to form

Empathy

Ability to share in the persons experience

Sympathy

• When the nurse wants to lessen the cause of the patients suffering

• Should use a disciplined intellectual approach together with therapeutic use of self to make helpful nursing actions

Rapports

• Intervention that lessens the patients suffering

• The sick shows trust and confidence in the nurse

Person (Travelbee)

• Human being

Health (Travelbee)

• It is subjective and objective

Subjective health

Individual defined state of wellbeing

Objective health

Absence of discernible disease, disabilty or defect

Nursing (Travelbee)

• "an interpersonal process whereby the

professional nurse practitioner assists an

individual, family or community to prevent or cope

with experience or illness and suffering, and if

necessary, to find meaning in these experiences.”