Study guide 8

Spice Trade

global trade of spices like cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, and pepper, mainly from Asia to Europe.

Spice Islands

group of islands in present-day Indonesia, Maluku Islands, were the main source of spices.

3 G's of European exploration

God, Glory, Gold.

Improved technology to encourage exploration

This helped Europeans cross large oceans.

Cartographers

made more accurate maps.

Astrolabe

determine sea altitude.

Prince Henry, the navigator

Leader in 'The Age of Discovery,' expanded into Africa and converted natives to Catholicism while looking for gold.

Bartholomeu Dias

(1488) explored across the southern tip of Africa and soon became 'Cape of Good Hope.'

Vasco de Gama

first to round the 'cape of good hope' and got to India.

Christopher Columbus

an Italian explorer, wanted to reach the East Indies by sailing across the West Atlantic.

Treaty of Tordesillas

set a line of demarcation, dividing the non-European world into 2 zones.

Amerigo Vespucci

Italian explorer went to Brazil and kept a journal. Americas are named after him.

Northwest Passage

Europeans realized that the Americas blocked a sea passage to India, and searched for a northwest passage.

Henry Hudson

English explorer who made several voyages, his 'discovery' of the Hudson River in New York, and Hudson Bay the Arctic coast of Canada.

Ferdinand Magellan

wanted to find a new way to reach the pacific; 1st to sail around the world (Circumnavigate).

Cape Town

located on southern tip of Africa built by the Dutch; it was the first permanent European settlement.

Dutch East India Company

full sovereign powers to wage war, make treaties, build forts, govern overseas territories, build armies, etc.

Afonso de Albuquerque

commander of Portuguese forces in Indian Ocean; established a huge empire in Southeast Asia.

Taino People

first people that Columbus encountered in his conquest to the Americas; friendly towards the Spanish.

3 ways the Spanish were able to conquer natives

Guns - Superior weapons; Horses - Gave speed and military advantage; New Diseases - like Smallpox.

Aztecs

Advanced civilization with complex agriculture, architecture, religion, and warfare; famous for human sacrifice. King was Moctezuma.

Hernan Cortes

Conquistador who landed on the coast of Mexico and went directly toward Tenochtitlan.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztecs, later became modern-day Mexico City.

Inca Empire

Organized with road systems, terrace farming, stone architecture, and centralized rule under the Sapa Inca.

Francisco Pizarro

Was able to easily conquer the Incas using advanced weapons and because they were already suffering from smallpox.

Lima

City established by Francisco Pizarro.

Brazil

Established by the Portuguese; Brazil was a colony named after a famous type of exported wood.

New Spain

Spanish settlement where missionaries soon followed, imposing their culture, language, and religion on millions.

Viceroys

Representatives appointed by the King of Spain who ruled in the king's name in each province.

Encomienda System

The right to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans, often forcing them to work under brutal conditions.

Bartholomew de Las Casas

Priest who ended the Encomienda System.

Social Structure of New Spain

Peninsulares (born in Spain, top), Creoles (born in New Spain from Spanish parents), Mestizos (mixed European and Indigenous), Mulattoes (European and African, bottom).

Jacques Cartier

Claimed most of eastern Canada for France.

Quebec City

First permanent French settlement.

Samuel de Champlain

Founded Quebec City as a permanent French settlement.

African Slave Trade

Portuguese and other Europeans brought Africans back to Europe as slaves.

Afonso I

Ruler of Kongo who reached out to Portugal to end the slave trade, but his request was denied.

Futa Toro

Leader of Senegal who created a law that no one could transport slaves through his territory.

Atlantic Slave Trade

The movement of African slaves across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.

Triangular Trade

Three legged international trade network: Africa→America: Gold+Slaves, America→Africa: Tobacco, Europe→Americas: Manufactured goods.

Middle Passage

Passage that took slaves from Africa to the Americas.

Impact of Slave Trade

Millions of slaves were carried to the Americas and brought great profits to many in the colonial economies.

Columbian Exchange

Columbus brought back plants and animals that he found in the Americas, affecting the world.

Mercantilism

They believed that a nation's real wealth was measured in gold and silver; a nation must export more than it imports.

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement (Virginia); English pilgrims landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts.

Dutch New Netherlands

A colony set up by the Dutch in North America in the 1600s.

New Amsterdam

Trading port set up by the Dutch, now known as NYC.

13 Colonies

The original colonies of America, which include New England, Middle, and Southern colonies.

New England colonies

Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island; characterized by poor rocky soil and a fishing industry.

Middle colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware; known for their diversity and big cities.

Southern colonies

Northern South Carolina, Georgia, Maryland, Virginia; economies based on the cultivation of cash crops.

Dutch surrounded Fort Amsterdam

The Dutch were surrounded by the British in the conflict over New Amsterdam.

Puritan

A religious group that played a significant role in the New England colonies.

Cash crops

Crops grown for commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

Diverse group of colonies

Middle colonies were known for their diversity compared to other regions.

Rocky soil

A characteristic of New England colonies that limited agricultural production.