AP biology: unit 3- cellular respiration

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17 Terms

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Cellular Respiration

A metabolic process that breaks down glucose and produces ATP, involving either aerobic or anaerobic processes.

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Aerobic Respiration

A type of respiration that requires oxygen to produce ATP, involving glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

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Glycolysis

The first stage of cellular respiration that splits glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules, producing a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

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Acetyl-CoA

A two-carbon molecule formed from pyruvic acid that enters the Krebs cycle.

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Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

A series of reactions in the mitochondrial matrix that produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2 by oxidizing acetyl-CoA.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

The final stage of cellular respiration where ATP is produced using the energy from electrons passed down the electron transport chain.

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Electron Transport Chain

A series of protein carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons and pump hydrogen ions, leading to ATP production.

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Chemiosmosis

The process through which ATP is generated by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane.

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Fermentation

An anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue, producing lactic acid or ethanol instead of ATP when oxygen is not available.

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NADH

An electron carrier molecule that is reduced from NAD+ during glycolysis and used in the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

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FADH2

An electron carrier produced in the Krebs cycle that contributes to ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation.

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Proton Gradient

A difference in the concentration of hydrogen ions across a membrane, which powers ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation.

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Oxygen Debt

A condition resulting from intense exercise where the demand for oxygen exceeds supply, leading to anaerobic respiration in muscles.

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Pyruvic Acid

A three-carbon compound that is produced from glycolysis and converted to acetyl-CoA in aerobic respiration or to lactic acid or ethanol in anaerobic respiration.

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ATP Synthase

An enzyme that synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, driven by the flow of protons down their gradient.

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Lactic Acid

A product of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells that occurs when pyruvic acid is converted due to lack of oxygen.

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Ethanol

A product of anaerobic respiration in yeast cells, resulting from the conversion of pyruvic acid.