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Cellular Respiration
A metabolic process that breaks down glucose and produces ATP, involving either aerobic or anaerobic processes.
Aerobic Respiration
A type of respiration that requires oxygen to produce ATP, involving glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Glycolysis
The first stage of cellular respiration that splits glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules, producing a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
Acetyl-CoA
A two-carbon molecule formed from pyruvic acid that enters the Krebs cycle.
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
A series of reactions in the mitochondrial matrix that produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2 by oxidizing acetyl-CoA.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The final stage of cellular respiration where ATP is produced using the energy from electrons passed down the electron transport chain.
Electron Transport Chain
A series of protein carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons and pump hydrogen ions, leading to ATP production.
Chemiosmosis
The process through which ATP is generated by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane.
Fermentation
An anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue, producing lactic acid or ethanol instead of ATP when oxygen is not available.
NADH
An electron carrier molecule that is reduced from NAD+ during glycolysis and used in the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
FADH2
An electron carrier produced in the Krebs cycle that contributes to ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation.
Proton Gradient
A difference in the concentration of hydrogen ions across a membrane, which powers ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation.
Oxygen Debt
A condition resulting from intense exercise where the demand for oxygen exceeds supply, leading to anaerobic respiration in muscles.
Pyruvic Acid
A three-carbon compound that is produced from glycolysis and converted to acetyl-CoA in aerobic respiration or to lactic acid or ethanol in anaerobic respiration.
ATP Synthase
An enzyme that synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, driven by the flow of protons down their gradient.
Lactic Acid
A product of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells that occurs when pyruvic acid is converted due to lack of oxygen.
Ethanol
A product of anaerobic respiration in yeast cells, resulting from the conversion of pyruvic acid.
