Abd Quiz 1

which term accurately describes the anatomical position of a patient who is lying face down with the anterior body surface in contact with the examination table?

prone

which anatomical structure serves as the primary conduit allowing communication and fluid passage between the supracolic and infracolic compartments of the peritoneal cavity?

paracolic gutters — peritoneal recesses alongside the ascending and descending colon facilitating fluid movement

screen orientation: (short term)

label the correct location:

A.

B.

C.

D.

A) Anterior

B) Patient’s Right

C) Patient’s Left

D) Posterior

which of the following is an enzyme secreted by the pancrea that is essential to the digestion and absorption of essential nutrients?

lipase

which of the following is not part of the anatomy of the retroperitoneum?

common hepatic duct

how can the sonographer obtain better far field images of the abdominal wall?

select a lower frequency transducer

which term specifically refers to the process of directing ultrasonic waves toward a target structure during a diagnostic imaging?

insonation

which anatomical compartment of the peritoneal cavity encompasses the majority of abdominal organs and includes several clinically significant recesses where free fluid may accumulate and must be evaluated on imaging?

greater sac — the main peritoneal cavity extending from the diaphragm to the pelvis

describe the liver mass.

which lobe is this mass in? (short term)

mass is round and hyperechoic to the liver and it is in the Rt lobe of the liver

what reference plane divides the body into right and left halves?

sagittal

which of the following is NOT a retroperitoneal structure?

spleen

clinicians often divide the abdomen into four primary quadrants to aid in localizing symptoms and forming differential diagnoses. which of the following accurately represents these standard quadrants used in physical examination and clinical documentation?

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

what branches makes up the “seagull sign”?

celiac axis, hepatic artery and splenic artery

what is #3?

celiac axis

describe the parenchyma echogenicity using proper terms (anechoic, isoechoic, hyperechoic, hypoechoic) in relationship to the renal cortex. also, describe the renal cortex to the liver parenchyma. (short term)

the liver is hyperechoic to the kidney whereas the renal cortex is hypoechoic to the liver

which structure does the common hepatic duct join to form the common bile duct?

cystic duct

which of the following is NOT one of the nine regions of the abdomen:

left reticuloendotheial

contains the kidneys, adrenal glands, perinephric fat, and the aorta and inferior vena cava (matching term)

peritoneal space

comprised of the lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels, functions to return excess fluid from the interstitial spaces to the bloodstream, removes cellular debris and bacteria, and sends lymphocytes to infected tissues to help fight infection (matching term)

lymphatic system

contains portions of the digestive tract, the pancreas and the distal common bile duct (matching term)

anterior pararenal space

lies between the posterior renal fascia and the tranversalis fascia and contains no organs, only fat (matching term)

posterior pararenal space

read carefully and answer: (short term)

A) patient’s right

B) anterior

C) patient’s left

D) posterior

a) long liver left lobe

b) head of pancreas?

c) prox aorta

d) mid aorta

e) celiac axis

f) SMA

calipers are placed correctly

identify these vessels: (short term)

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

A) IVC

B) mid aorta

C) right renal artery

D) left renal artery

E) right common iliac artery

what is the arrowhead pointing to?

portal confluence

in adult patients undergoing abdominal imaging, what is the generally accepted upper limit for the anteroposterior (AP) diameter of the main pancreatic duct, beyond which ductal dilation may be suspected?

0.2cm

infection can occur if gas, fecal matter or bacteria enter the peritoneal cavity which would result in inflammation of the peritoneum (matching term)

peritonitis

a fluid rich in cellular elements, serum, fibrin, acid or pus that has seeped out and has been discharged from an inflamed organ or vessel (matching term(

exudate

surgical puncture of the peritoneal cavity for the aspiration/drainage of ascitic fluid (matching term)

paracentesis

ascitic fluid in the peritoneal cavity (matching term)

ascites

which congenital anomaly is characterized by pancreatic tissue encircling the second (descending) portion of the duodenum, potentially leading to duodenal obstruction due to abnormal embryologic migration of the pancreatic bud?

annular pancreas — a ring of pancreatic tissue that encases the duodenum, often die to abnormal fusion of the ventral pancreatic bud

which vascular structure courses rightward posterior to the pancreas, playing a key role in venous drainage of the abdominal viscera?

splenic vein

the anatomical identification of the inferior vena cava, superior mesenteric vein, and gastroduodenal artery on imaging is most useful in localizing which specific region of the pancreas?

head, nestled within the curvature of the duodenum and bordered by the gastroduodenal artery

which digestive enzyme, primarily secreted by the salivary glands and pancreas, catalyzes the hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates into simpler sugar?

amylase

what term best describes the pancreatic hormone insulin?

endocrine

what is true about the normal proximal aorta?

diameter is largest

a term used to describe the aorta and inferior vena cava together (matching term)

great vessels

planes that are perpendicular or at 90 degree to each other (matching term)

orthogonal

a thin-sheet like tissue that separates muscles (matching term)

fascia

also called lymphadenopathy; enlargement of lymph nodes owing to inflammation, primary neoplasia, or metastasis (matching term)

adenopathy

a pocket of infection typically containing pus, blood, and degenerating tissue (matching term)

abscess

distortion or displacement of normal anatomy owing to a mass, or fluid collection (matching term)

mass effect

what is the vertical arrow under the IVC pointing to?

diaphragm

which of the following structures is typically seen coursing posterior to the inferior vena cava on axial imaging in the upper abdomen?

right renal artery

following a meal, which of the following vessels demonstrated a physiologically significant increase in blood flow to support digestive activity?

superior mesenteric artery, in response to increased metabolic needs of the small intestine

which histological layer lines the lumen of both arteries and veins, forming their innermost boundary?

tunica intima, consisting primarily of endothelial cells and a subendothelial layer

which of the following is NOT in contact with the tail of the pancreas?

duodenum

which functional role is carried out by the islets of Langerhans within the pancreas, involving the secretion of hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate systemic metabolism?

endocrine— involving hormone production such as insulin and glucagon for glucose homeostasis

describe the echogenicity of the liver mass in comparison to the liver parenchyma (short term)

the liver mass is hypoechoic to the liver parenchyma

what instrumentation adjustment can help remove artifact echoes that may appear in the lumen of the abdominal aorta?

decrease time gain compensation (TGC)

is this image long or transverse?

state the following image orientation terms for A, B, C and D: anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, superior, or inferior (short term)

image is long

A) anterior

B) inferior

C) posterior

D) superior

what is the anatomical name of the secondary pancreatic duct that serves as an accessory pathway for pancreatic secretions?

duct of santorini, the accessory pancreatic duct providing an additional drainage route

is the location of the liver mass superior or inferior?

what is the echogenic linear structure? (short term)

mass is superior and the echogenic linear structure is hyperechoic compared to the parenchyma of the liver, possibly kidney?

on a transverse (axial) CT or ultrasound scan, what is the normal course of the left renal vein as it travels toward the inferior vena cava?

between the superior mesenteric artery and the abdominal aortaw

which term best characterizes the pressure typically observed within the systemic venous circulation under normal physiological conditions?

low, due to minimal resistance and proximity to the right atrium

which of the following bilaterally paired flat muscles is the deepest layer of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

transverse abdominis

a retroperitoneal abscess may be found within all of the following EXCEPT:

rectus abdominus muscle

screen orientation.

label the correct location of the following: (short term)

A.

B.

C.

D.

A) anterior

B) superior

C) inferior

D) posterior

what is the hypoechoic linear structure that is perpendicular to the aorta and superior to the celiac axis?

crus of the diaphragm

regarding the muscular tendinous structures that anchor the diaphragm to the lumbar vertebrae, which crus it typically more robust and extends further inferiorly?

right crus

which structure serves as the principal excretory duct of the pancreas, conveying digestive enzymes toward the duodenum through its fusion with the common bile duct?

duct of wirsung — the main pancreatic duct that merges with the common bile duct at the hepatopancreatic ampulla

in what direction does the term cephalic refer?

toward the head

compared to the liver the normal echogenicity of the kidney is:

hypoechoic

which peritoneal layer lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity?

parietal

organs lacing a mesentery and therefore not suspended within the peritoneal cavity are typically located in which anatomical compartment?

retroperitoneum