PART 1 (LIPIDS)

Lipids or Lipoids

Fat and fat like substance which occur in plants and animals

Simple
Compound
Derived

CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS

Simple Lipid

CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS
Esters of fatty acid and alcohol.

Compound Lipids

CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS
Esters of fatty acid, alcohol and another compound.

Derived Lipids

CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS
Product of simple and compound lipid upon hydrolysis.

Fixed Oils and Fats
Waxes
Sterols
Phospholipids
Glycolipids

FIVE CLASSES OF LIPIDS ACCORDING TO THEIR CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

Fixed Oils and Fats

FIVE CLASSES OF LIPIDS ACCORDING TO THEIR CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
- Esters of glycerol and fatty acids

Coconut Oil
Cod Liver Oil

Example of Fixed Oils and Fats

Waxes

FIVE CLASSES OF LIPIDS ACCORDING TO THEIR CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
- Esters of high molecular weight, monohydric alcohol and high-molecular weight fatty acid

Spermaceti

Example of Waxes

Sterols

FIVE CLASSES OF LIPIDS ACCORDING TO THEIR CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
- Alcohol containing the CPPP (cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene) nucleus

Cholesterol
Ergosterol

Examples of Sterols

Phospholipids (Phosphatides)

FIVE CLASSES OF LIPIDS ACCORDING TO THEIR CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
- Esters containing glycerol in combination with fatty acids, phosphoric acid and certain nitrogenous compounds

Lecithin

Example of Phospholipids

Glycolipids (Cerebrosides)

FIVE CLASSES OF LIPIDS ACCORDING TO THEIR CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
- Hydrolysis yield fatty acids, galactose and nitrogenous compounds (spingosine)

Phrenosin
Kerasin

Examples of Glycosides

ENERGY GIVING
STRUCTURAL FUNCTION
REGULATOR OF BODY PROCESSES

FATS AND FIXED OILS FUNCTIONS

Saturated Fatty acids - CnH2nO2
Unsaturated Fatty Acids [Essential]
Hydroxy Acids
Cyclic Acids

TYPES OF FATTY ACIDS

- Butyric Acid
- Caproic Acid
- Caprylic Acid
- Capric Acid
- Lauric Acid
- Palmitic Acid
- Arachidic Acid
- Behenic Acid
- Lignocersic Acid
- Cerotic Acid
- Myristic Acid
- Stearic Acid
- Mellisic Acid

Saturated Fatty acids - CnH2nO2

- Oleic Acid
- Linoleic Acid
- Linolenic Acid
- Arachidonic Acid
- Clupanodonic Acid

Unsaturated Fatty Acids [Essential]

- Ricinoleic Acid
- Cerebronic Acid
- Dihydroxy Stearic Acid

Hydroxy Acids

- Hydrocarpic Acid
- Chaulmogric Acid

Cyclic Acids

Non- Drying Oils
Semi- Drying Oils
Drying Oils

CLASSIFICATION OF FIXED OILS AND VEGETABLE OILS

Non- Drying Oils

CLASSIFICATION OF FIXED OILS AND VEGETABLE OILS
- More oleic acids
- For intramuscular injections

Coconut Oil
Peanut Oil
Olive Oil

Examples of Non-Drying Oils

Semi- Drying Oils

CLASSIFICATION OF FIXED OILS AND VEGETABLE OILS
- More oleic and linoleic

Cottonseed Oil
Soybean Oil
Sesame Oil

Examples of Semi-Drying Oils

Drying Oils

CLASSIFICATION OF FIXED OILS AND VEGETABLE OILS
- More of linoleic and linolenic

Linseed Oil/ Flaxseed
Sunflower Oil
Poppyseed Oil

Examples of Drying Oils

Fatty Acids
Glycerol

Fixed Oil → in the presence of (H20) will undergo hydrolysis and saturate → ?

Hydrolytic Reaction
Oxidative Reaction

Rancidity of Fats and Fixed Oils:

Physical Test
Chemical Test

TEST FOR FIXED OIL AND FATS

Appearance
Color
Odor
Taste

Example of Physical Tests

Acid Value
Saponification Number/ Koettsdorfer Number
Iodine Number

CHEMICAL TEST

Acid Value

CHEMICAL TEST
- Indicates the amt. of free fatty acid present in oil.

Saponification Number/ Koettsdorfer Number

CHEMICAL TEST
- Aid in the detection of the presence of the glycerides of acids containing less than 16 or more C atoms. Indicate the adulteration of the sample with unsaponifiable matter.

Iodine Number

CHEMICAL TEST
- Indicates the degree of unsaturation.

- Greasy to touch, leaves a permanent oily stain on paper
- Lighter than water
- Soluble in organic solvent, insoluble in water
- When purified, colorless and of bland odor and taste
- Yellow color of fat is due to carotene, a provitamin A
- When heated strongly undergo decomposition of acrid, flammable vapors and when ignited, they bum with a sooty flame
- Acridity is due to acrolein (propenal)

PROPERTIES OF FIXED OILS AND FATS