Learning

What is learning in psychology?

A process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of an individual experience.

What are the two types of conditioning?

Operant conditioning and classical conditioning.

Who discovered classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov.

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

A natural stimulus that reflexively produces a response without prior learning.

What is the conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?

The sound of the bell, which was initially neutral but came to elicit a reflex.

What is positive reinforcement?

Adding a stimulus that strengthens the occurrence of a behavior in the future.

What is the difference between primary and conditioned reinforcers?

Primary reinforcers are naturally reinforcing, while conditioned reinforcers acquire their value through association with primary reinforcers.

What does punishment do to behavior?

It decreases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.

What is learned helplessness?

A phenomenon where exposure to inescapable aversive events produces passive behavior.

What is observational learning?

Learning that takes place through observing the actions of others.