8) Monoclonal Antibodies

What are monoclonal antibodies?

Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced from a single clone of B-lymphocytes, designed to target one specific protein or antigen.

How are B-lymphocytes used to create monoclonal antibodies?

B-lymphocytes are harvested from mice that have been injected with a specific antigen, then fused with tumor cells.

What is a hybridoma?

A hybridoma is a cell created by fusing a B-lymphocyte with a fast-dividing tumor cell, allowing for the production of monoclonal antibodies.

Why are hybridomas cloned?

Hybridomas are cloned to produce large quantities of identical antibodies known as monoclonal antibodies.

What is one application of monoclonal antibodies in medicine?

They are used in pregnancy tests to detect the hormone hCG in urine, indicating pregnancy.

How do monoclonal antibodies work in pregnancy tests?

The test detects hCG by using antibodies that bind to the hormone, turning the test strip blue if pregnancy is confirmed.

What is a significant advantage of monoclonal antibodies?

Their specificity allows them to bind to a single type of antigen, reducing the risk of side effects.

What are some limitations of monoclonal antibodies?

Limitations include complex production processes and ethical concerns regarding animal research.

In what other medical treatments are monoclonal antibodies used?

They are used in cancer therapy to specifically target and attack cancer cells.

What future potential do monoclonal antibodies hold?

They have the potential to treat a wide range of diseases, including autoimmune disorders and chronic diseases, with advances in genetic engineering.