Functional Group Characteristics and Roles

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Last updated 2:33 AM on 8/30/26
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58 Terms

1
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functional groups

a specific grouping of atoms within molecules that have their own characteristic properties (reactivity), regardless of the other atoms present in a molecule

2
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pharmacodynamics (PD)

what a drug does to our body

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drug target (receptor binding, function), intracellular signaling pathway (post receptor effects - how protein is affected), and chemical interaction

what are the things that determine pharmacodynamics?

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pharmacokinetics

what our body does to the drug - the movement of drug into, through, and out of the body (including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion)

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absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

what is the pathway of a drug through our body (the processes)?

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  1. acid-base (acidic, basic, and neutral functional groups)

  2. solubility (hydrophobic and hydrophilic)

  3. polarity (polar and non-polar)


what are the concepts that categorize the different functional groups?

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polar

acidic functional groups are polar or non-polar?

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hydrophilic

acidic functional groups are hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

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2.5-5

what is the pKa of a carboxylic acid?

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negatively charged

under physiological conditions (pH = 7.2), carboxylic acids are negatively charged or positively charged?

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carboxylic acid

what functional group is this?

<p>what functional group is this?</p>
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does not, does

pKa _____ change with environment and pH _____

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decreases

when Ka increases, pKa _____

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increases

when pKa decreases, acidity _____

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beta dicarbonyl group

what functional group does this image include?

<p>what functional group does this image include?</p>
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sulfonamide

what functional group does this image include?

<p>what functional group does this image include?</p>
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sulfonylurea

what functional group does this image include?

<p>what functional group does this image include?</p>
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tetrazole

what functional group does this image include?

<p>what functional group does this image include?</p>
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4.9

what is the pKa value for tetrazole?

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phenol

what functional group does this image include?

<p>what functional group does this image include?</p>
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thiol

what functional group does this image include?

<p>what functional group does this image include?</p>
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sulfate

what functional group does this image include?

<p>what functional group does this image include?</p>
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phosphate

what functional group does this image include?

<p>what functional group does this image include?</p>
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phosphonate

what functional group does this image include?

<p>what functional group does this image include?</p>
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polar

basic functional group are polar or nonpolar?

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primary amine

what functional group does this image include?

<p>what functional group does this image include?</p>
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secondary amine

what functional group does this image include?

<p>what functional group does this image include?</p>
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tertiary amine

what functional group does this image include?

<p>what functional group does this image include?</p>
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stronger

smaller pKa = _____ conjugate acid

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weaker

stronger conjugate acid = _____ base

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weaker

larger pKa = _____ conjugate acid

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stronger

weaker conjugate acid = _____ base

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9-11

what is the pKa of an amine?

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an amino group connected to an aromatic group

describe the structure of an aniline:

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2-5

what is the pKa for aniline?

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aniline (aromatic amine)

what functional group does this image include?

<p>what functional group does this image include?</p>
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3-7

what is the pKa for imines?

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imine

what functional group does this image include?

<p>what functional group does this image include?</p>
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7.5-8.5

what is the pKa of hydrazine?

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hydrazine

what functional group does this image include?

<p>what functional group does this image include?</p>
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10-11

what is the pKa of amidine?

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amidine

what functional group does this image include?

<p>what functional group does this image include?</p>
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12

what is the pKa of guanidine?

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guanidines

what functional group does this image include?

<p>what functional group does this image include?</p>
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change their electronic effect, solubility effect, and steric effect

how do functional groups affect compounds?

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electronegativity

ability of an atom to attract electrons toward itself

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resonance

occurs when electrons are shared among a group of atoms that have adjacent double bonds and lone pair of electrons

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phenol, aniline, aromatic ether, aromiatic thiol, and alkyl groups

which functional groups are electron donating?

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hydrophilic

a molecule or substance that is attracted to water (polar substance) can be described as _____

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hydrophobic

a molecule or substance that is attracted to oil (nonpolar substance) can be described as _____

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partition coefficient (P)

a ratio of the concentrations of a molecule between 2 solvents, specifically for water and 1-octonal

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logPoct/wat=log(Coct/Cwat)

what is the equation for log P?

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more

the lower the log P value, the _____ hydrophilic

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more

the higher the log P value, the _____ hydrophobic

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adsportion, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and its therapeutic effect and toxicity

what does the log P of a drug affect?

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hydrophobic drugs

which drugs are retained longer, have a wider distribution within the body, are less selective toward the target protein, and are more toxic?

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steric effect

the process of the stereochemistry of the functional group affecting the binding at the target

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privileged scaffolds

structures that are molecular frameworks that are able to produce biological activities in more than one biological system