Race & Ethnicity - Quiz 1

What is a APA guideline?

Choosing the most specific and respectful terms for a group

Why did Godderds intelligent test go poorly?

Test was administered to immigrants who barely spoke English

What was a central requirement for citizenship?

Applicant belongs to the white race

What is color-blind universalisms?

A racial ideology of the nonracial dynamics

What is transparency phenomenon?

tendency among Whites not to see themselves in racial terms.

What is nation?

People who understand themselves as a political community, often involves shared peoplehood, relationship to territory, and claims to self-government.

What is race?

A socially constructed category based on perceived physical differences that are treated as meaningful.

What is ethnicity?

A socially recognized identity based primarily on beliefs about shared ancestry, history, or national origin.

T or F: Race is a social construct that is universal.

False, is NOT universal.

T or F: Racial and Ethnic groups are designated by proper nouns and are capitalized.

True.

T or F: You can use hyphens in multiword names, even if the names act as a unit modifiers.

False, do not use hyphens.

Can African American be used as an umbrella term for people of African ancestry worldwide?

No, it obscures other ethnicities or national origins.

T or F: The term “Caucasian” as an alternative to “White” or “European” is discouraged because it originated as a way of classifying White people as a race favorably compared with other races.

True.

How should Indigenous People be referred as?

Refer them as “people” or “nation” rather than as a “tribe.”

How should non-White racial and ethnic groups be referred as?

“people of color” or “underrepresented groups”

What is an example of essentialism?

Phrases such as “the Black race” and “the White race” are essentialist.

If race is biological, why do categories change?

1. U.S. racial categories have changed repeatedly across Census history

2. Different societies classify the same physical differences in different ways

3. Families can be classified differently across generations.

Why did physical characteristics become a basis for permanent status?

Privileges were increasingly extended to people classified as White, Black people were denied legal personhood and treated as property.

Social construction = ?

Socially created meanings with material consequences.

What does citizenship offer?

• voting rights

• Access to public services + goods

• Permanent belonging (freedom to travel)

• Right to own property (for long time)

In 1808 what act happened?

Prohibiting Importation of Slaves

In 1830 what act happened?

Indian Removal Act — Authorized confiscation of land from Native Americans and forced removals

In 1848 what treaty happened?

Guadeloupe Hidalgo — federal annexation of Mexican Land

In 1866 what act happened?

Civil Rights Act — declared U.S.-born people citizens; a precursor to the 14th amendment

What was the federal mass-removal campaign that targeted Mexican migrants?

1953 Operation W••••••

What caused a federal ban of all nationals of North Korea, Syria, Iran, Libya, Yemen, etc?

2017 Executive Order 13780

What did citizenship look like from 1790 until mid/late 1800s?

Citizenship was reserved for “free white persons”

What act removed racial restrictions on naturalization?

the 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act

What was In re Ah Yup?

Argument that Chinese people were white

What resulted that residents of Asian descent became ineligible for naturalization?

Judge argued Orientals were unfit for participation in a republican government because of unsatisfactory political culture in Asia

Who was Takao Ozawa?

Argued that Japanese people should be classified as “free white persons”

What was the result of Ozawa vs United States - 1922

The words white person was only to indicate a person of what is popularly known as the Caucasian race - this decision tied Whiteness to what were at the time, scientific categories.

What was United States vs. Thind - 1923

Argued that Indians and Europeans shared common descent, therefore Indians are Caucasian, White, and eligible for naturalization.

What was the result of U.S vs Thind?

Supreme court decreed Thind did not meet a “common sense” definition of White

What is race defined by?

Social Characteristics (common sense), as opposed to biological or scientific categories

What did Immigration law help with?

Shape who could enter, naturalize, remain, and therefore the racial and ethnic composition of the country

What is the important point about Whiteness?

Courts helped produce its boundaries

What did the cases establish?

Citizenship, Boundaries, Institutions and Composition

What is stereotype?

generalized belief or image about a social group

What is prejudice?

An evaluative judgement about a group involving hierarchy or preference

What is Individual discrimination?

Unequal treatment carried out by a person or small group

What is structural/institutional discrimination?

Rules, routines, or organizational practices that systematically produce unequal outcomes.

What is Racial Ideology?

A broader set of ideas that explains racial difference and inequality and can make a social order appear legitimate or natural.

What makes and idea an ideology?

It is more than a single opinion, it is a coherent framework that helps people interpret the world and decide what follows from that interpretation.

What is hegemony?

Describes a situation in which a dominant way of understanding the world becomes widely accepted as normal, reasonable, or simply “the way things are”

Where does inequality come from?

Innate racial difference, group behavior and culture, and supposedly nonracial processes

What is biological racism?

Racial groups are biologically distinct and hierarchically ordered; inequality is explained as the result of inherited ability or fitness

What is cultural racism?

racial inequality by attributing disadvantage to the values, behavior, or culture of racialized groups rather than to structural conditions

What is color-bing universalism?

contemporary racial inequality through apparently nonracial dynamics — such as markets, individual choice, “natural” patterns, or cultural difference — while minimizing the continuing role of racialize structures.

What is sociological theories of racism?

Sociological explanations for how racial inequality is created and reproduced.

What is racial formation?

Sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed.

What is racial project?

simultaneously an interpretation, representation or explanation of racial dynamics, and an effort to reorganize and redistribute resources along particular racial lines.

What is interpersonal/individual racism?

decision made by an individual (or small group) that is founded in prejudice, either conscious or unconscious (e.g. microagressions)

What is institutional racism?

Laws, policies, and institutions that reproduce racial inequalities

What is structural racism?

Inter-institutional interactions across time and space

What is Systemic racism?

the way that history, laws, rules, and everyday habits work together across a whole society to give unfair advantages to some racial groups while harming or disadvantaging others

Define historical construction

an idea or view that was formed in particular times and places.

Define social construction

idea of race is not based on biological differences among people, even though race has become important in determining how we interact.

Define ideology.

A set of principles and ideas that benefits the dominant group.

Define slave codes.

laws enacted in the 1660s that clearly spelled out the differences between African slaves and European indentured servants.

Define scientific racism.

the use of science or pseudoscience to justify or reproduce racial inequality.