chapter 1 smartwork

transcription happens in the

nucleus

translation happens in the

cytoplasm

three fundamental processes that are involved in the central dogma of molecular biology

transcription, translation, replication

Is the following statement true, false, or impossible to determine?

Organisms that have inherited their genetic instructions from a common ancestor share the same DNA sequence.

false

Which is not a function of proteins?

encoding genetic information

Genetic changes followed by selection are best described as the fundamentals of what process?

evolution

Which statement represents the cell theory?

All cells are formed by the growth and division of existing cells.

Is the following statement true, false, or impossible to determine?

An organism that can survive life in a hydrothermal vent at the bottom of the ocean can thrive anywhere.

false

Antibiotics tend to target features that are unique to bacterial cells and absent from eukaryotic cells such as our own. Which of the following would present a safe target for a new antibiotic?

cell wall

Is the following statement true, false, or impossible to determine?

One thing all cells have in common is an ability to colonize any environment on Earth.

false

What organisms commonly colonize the hot acid of volcanic springs, the airless depths of marine sediments, the sludge of sewage treatment plants, the pools beneath the frozen surface of Antarctica, as well as the acidic, oxygen-free environment of a cow’s stomach where they break down ingested cellulose and generate methane gas?

archaea

Which of the following are prokaryotes?

archaea and bacteria

What do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotes lack?

a nucleus and membrane bound organisms

You are a biologist interested in studying how eukaryotic cells obtained their unique features during their evolution from a prokaryotic ancestor. Which cellular features, unique to eukaryotes, might you focus on?

the nucleus and mitochondria

Which is not evidence for the endosymbiotic origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similar DNA.

Mitochondria are essentially the same in all eukaryotes, including plants, animals, and fungi. Based on this observation, how were mitochondria most likely acquired?

 by an ancestral eukaryotic cell before the lines that led to animal cells, plant cells, and fungi diverged

What is the name of the process by which eukaryotic cells engulf material captured from an external medium?

endocytosis

Which structure or process mediates the exchange of materials between the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, the lysosomes, and the outside of the cell?

transport vesicles

Which statement is not true of chloroplasts?

Chloroplasts are present in essentially all eukaryotic cells and in certain photosynthetic bacteria.

self-replication of living cells occurs through the catalytic action of

proteins.

The genes in the genome of an adult organism

are expressed or silenced depending on whether a gene is needed in that cell type and environment.

The defining property that differentiates prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells is their

lack of a nucleus.

It has been proposed that the first cells used RNA for both information storage and catalysis and that DNA and proteins evolved later. Which modern macromolecules may be relics of the hypothesized RNA world?

ribosome and spliceosome

Which biochemical reaction is catalyzed by a ribozyme?

peptide bond formation in protein synthesis

Which type of molecule has the potential to perform the catalytic act of reproducing itself?

RNA

Which of the following properties could help RNA be both an information storage unit and a self-replicating molecule?

RNA can act as a template for making copies of itself.

Why is RNA thought to predate DNA in evolution?

The sugar in RNA is easier to make with the organic molecules that were present on primitive Earth.

DNA is a better molecule for long-term storage of genetic information than RNA because

the deoxyribose sugar stabilizes DNA chains.