Studied by 1 person
func Durkheim
social solidarity → people in industrial society need to rely on each other.
Society used to be mechanical, now it is organic and divided into labour markets.
Everyone is dependent on each other for society to work - part of a hierarchy.
eva Durkheim
X Ignores the pay gap between different professions that can cause resentment.
X usually leads to segregation
func Parsons
Social inequality gives people the incentive to achieve better status.
A → B by working hard.
eva Parsons
stratification doesn’t always create order in society.
Many riots and protests.
func Davis + Moore
Role Allocation → inequality exists sin every society. It is inevitable and necessary.
Means there will be no scarcity of personelle → Not everyone has the ability for specific roles.
Not all roles have the same importance so the important ones need to be fill of the right people.
eva Davis + Moore
X teachers, nurses, farmers all important but get paid poorly.
func Parsons
Gender Inequality → Men fill more instrumental roles in society. (Engineering, plumber, builder, CEO, Lawyer, Doctor).
Women fill more domestic role in society. (Nurse, teacher, cooking, cleaning, carers).
eva Parsons
X Benston → Free domestic labour
X Barron and Norris → Dual labour market
func Patterson
Ethnic Inequalities → Assimilation theory →
Explains that POC arriving in Britain ‘disrupted stability’ and makes the host country nervous.
Says immigrants should act like the host country to avoid inequality. → Encourages a more stable society.
eva Patterson
still racist
blames the victim
func Cummings + Henry
Age Inequality → Society treat the hold with more respect.
Social disengagement process functional by allowing young people to take the place of old people in labour with little disruption.
Also allows older people to have time to take care of the children so younger parents can earn money.
eva Cummings + Henry
X lose experienced workers
X Lonely and lack of identity
marx Marx
Class Conflict / The revolution → The bourgeoisie exploit the proletariat class for their labour.
Bourgeoisie control the superstructure (religion, gov, education)
Proletariat sell things they can’t afford and barely get paid. Marx said if they realised they were being exploited there would be a revolution.
eva Marx
X Revolution hasn’t happened
X assumes all inequality comes from class
X contradictory
marx Engels
The Reserve Army of Labour → Capitalism goes through economic down turns and slumps, boom and peak. During economic peak, everyone is employed as products and services are in demand and the companies need more staff.
eva Engels
Results in 0 hour and temp contracts. Still relevant today.
marx Gramsci
Hegemony → When the ruling class is dominating by convincing everyone their ideas make sense.
They do this through the school and media.
School → Althusser and the myth. of meritocracy
Media → Frankfurt, school of marxists, POPCULTURE exists to deter attention.
eva Gramsci
! Revolution would happen if there was a charistmatic leader.
X Ruling class will distract them is RSA and ISA
marx Castles + Kosack
Ethnicity marxism → ethnic inequality is encouraged for four reasons.
legitimisation (justification)
Divide and rule
reserve army of labour
scapegoating (Hall et All)
eva Castles and Kosack
Miles → there are ethnic middle class minorities
fem Sue Sharpe
Changing Aspirations → liberal feminist - a slower approach to equality. Sexist attitudes come from socialisation so we must change the way we socialisation patterns.
More positive role models, pay gap is closing, attitudes changing.
eva Sue Sharpe
X Harrassment still happens
X Radical feminists argue it is too slow
fem Benston
free domestic labour → Marxist feminist
Women provide free domestic labour by providing home and meals and supporting workers and bringing up the next workforce.
No extra cost for capitalism. Also reserve army of labour.
eva Benston
X Walby says women at home harmed capitalism
X Women were carers before industrialisation.
fem Ansley
Domestic violence → Women have to soak up mens anger that they get from work all day because they can’t vent it out to their bosses to they do to their wives.
This causes them to be alienated and leads to domestic abuse.
fem Walby
Triple system feminism → Radical feminist.
PATRIARCHY
CAPITALISM
RACISM
All sexism stems from one of these three. (pay gap, male violence, household work, double standards)
eva Walby
considers interactionality
too hollistic, can’t focus on one thing
fem Hakim
Preference theory → there are 3 groups of women.
20% work 20% home 40% both
she says you pick the group you go in, Opportunities have changed so you should be able to easily choose.
eva Hakim
! Contraceptive pill, white collar jobs
X Ignores women might not have a choice/trapped
web Weber
Power is made up of three things:
class (finance)
status (respect)
party (political)
said rationalisation was the issue not alienation.
eva Weber
hollistic and complex
X fails to explain how society runs smoothly in general
web Barron + Norris
Dual Labour Market → there is primary and secondary markets.
Primary → Well paid work with progressional opportunity. Usually occupied by middle class white people.
Secondary → Low pay and status. Usually retail or 0hour contract work.
eva Barron + Norris
explains how women can have a dual role
web Rex + Tomlinson
the Black Underclass → minorities face lower power and low status, The Black underclass is lower than the working class = frustration and alienation.
→ ‘lack technical skills and qualifications.’ - racial descrimination
Inability to escape.
eva Rex + Tomlinson
X Invalid way of characterising ethnic stratification.
pm Blaikie
Positive Ageing → Attitudes to retirement have changed significantly. Due to consumer culture and changed perceptions of older age.
They became an IMPORTANT MARKET to companies to keep older people’s youth.
→ Facelifts, 50+ holiday, youth products.
eva Blaikie
! takes into account social change
X ignores poorer society doesn’t have access to these goods.
pm Beck
Risk Society → Class inequality makes it hard to avoid these 3 risks.
Agriculture (buy organic foods)
nuclear energy
toxins (they can have a second house)
People with economic power can avoid them.
eva Beck
x there have always been risks
x cant avoid them completely
pm Pilcher
Age blurring → People have more of a choice now how age effects their lives.
Young people looking older + vice versa
People do things WHEN they want to now → IVF, early retirement, cosmetic surgery.
eva Pilcher
x not everyone has those resources
x people may get judged for looking diff ages.
tnr Thatcher
Trickle down economics → If we tax the rich less, the country will attract more wealth which would benefit all classes.
This is because they will spend more. → more hours for staff → More money.
eva Thatcher
x doesn’t work as the gap between rich and poor has widened
tnr Murray
the Underclass Theory → more single parent families because of welfare - there are less fathers.
Means there are not sufficient role models to socialised working class boys.
They are responsible for their own inequality and more likely to be violent, educational failures.
eva Murray
x Ignores the poverty trap
x 86% working class said theyd like to have a paid job.
tnr Saunders
Genetic Intelligence → Middle class are more intelligent than the working class. Thier children therefore will be genetically advanced in comparison because middle class r more likely to mate with middle class.
Social mobility does and can happen with hard work.
eva Saunders
x Poverty restricts success
x Ability distribution is discredited
class | education → Howard
children on free school meals are 28% less likely to pass 5 GCSE’s compared to children not on free school meals.
Institute for Fiscal Studies 2022
class | education → Reay
24% of children on FSM go to uni compared to 41% of children who arent on FSM.
Department for Education 2021
class | crime → Cicourel
52% more crime was recorded in the most income deprived areas of London.
London Poverty Profile 2022
class | crime → Lea + Young
1/3 of prisoners were in receipt of benefits a year before being in prison.
Ministry of Justice 2021
gender | education → Mitsos + Browne
Girls get 4% more A-A* than boys at A level.
Department for Education 2022
gender | education → Sue Sharpe
Girls are 10% more likely to go to university than boys.
Department for Education 2021
gender | crime → Cicourel
90% of stop and searches are male and 10% female.
Ministry of Justice 2022
gender | crime → Walby
Women are twice as likely to be victim of domestic abuse and murder than men.
Ministry of Justice 2022
age | crime → Cicourel
18-24 year olds make up 1/3 of stop and searches
Ministry of Justice 2022
age | crime → Lea + Young
Young people are more likely to be victim of crime but elderly are more likely to live in fear of crime.
Ministry of Justice 2020
age | income → Barron + Norris
young people in the south west are 6x more likely to have a job with 0 hour contract than over 25’s
TUC 2023
age | income → Engels
young people spend 72% of their income on bills, whereas older people spend 41% income on bills.
Office of National Statistics 2022
ethnicity | education → Noon
Black Caribbean students twice as likely to be entitled to free school meals than White British.
Department of Education 2022
ethnicity | education → Gillborn
Chinese students are 30% more likely to pass Maths and English GCSE’s than Black students.
Department of Education 2020
ethnicity | crime → Hudson + Bramhall
Ethnic minorities on average spend 7 months longer in prison than white offenders.
Ministry of Justice 2020
ethnicity | crime → Phillips + Bowling
Black ethnic groups are 10x more likely to be stopped and searched than white groups.
Ministry of Justice 2019
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