Lecture 3

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Karl Marx II

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20 Terms

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The way people provide for their material needs determines their cultural, political, and social institutions

What is historical materialism?

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  • Base: mode of production, economy

  • Superstructure: religion, culture, political institutions, ideologies, false consciousness

    → Reflection of the base, legitimizes the economic structure

    → Less important

According to Marx, what’s the difference between the base and the superstructure?

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  • Relations of production: associations between people, who controls the production…

  • Productive forces: tools, materials, raw resources

The base (mode of production) consists of what 2 sections?

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relations, revolution

As productive forces develop, they can outgrow old _____ of production and eventually lead to ______

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modes, class, divison

Marx’s theory of history unfolds through different stages of ______ of production structured by internal ______ conflicts and changing ______ of labour

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  • power

  • own

In the capitalist society:

  • Workers sell their labour _____ to capitalists

  • Workers don’t ______ the means of production

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To a communist revolution where the proletariat overcomes the bourgeoisie and it becomes a classless society

According to Marx, class conflict in capitalism would ultimately lead to what?

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human, exchange

Commodity: any good or service produced by ______ labour and offered as a product for ______ on the market

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  • Use-value: directly using an object to satisfy needs (qualitative differences)

  • Exchange-value: an object’s relative value to other objects on the market (quantitative differences)

What’s the difference between an object’s use-value and exchange-value?

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separation

→ mystical

→ subservient

According to Marx, capitalism creates a _____ between a commodity’s use-value and exchange-value

→ Commodities acquire a ______ quality that have a life of their own

→ We become ______ to these commodities and they become symbols

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special, ignorant

Commodity fetishism: capitalist process by which we inject commodities with ______ properties beyond what they really are, while remaining ______ of the exploited labor that underlies the production

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labour

Marx argues that beneath commodities’ use-value and exchange-value, it’s _____ that is the real source of value

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Petty commodity production

Capitalist circulation of commodities

Commodity → sell this commodity for money → purchase another commodity (C → $ → C)

Money → buy commodity → exchange it for more money
($ → C → $)

For the satisfaction of needs

For the pursuit of profits

What’s the difference between petty commodity production and capitalist circulation of commodities?

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  • higher

  • labour, surplus

Capitalists:

  • Buy commodities which can produce _____ than original value when consumed

  • Buy _____ power that can produce more than its costs → make profits and _____ value

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less, survive

The capitalist formula ($ → C → $) is fundamentally exploitative because it relies on paying workers _____ than the value that they produce, and workers have no choice to accept because they need their wages to ______

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  • Proletariat: workers who must sell their labour power to survive

  • Bourgeoisie: owners of capital and means of production

What’s the main social relation in the capitalist system?

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  • expansion

  • destroying

  • life

  • production, consumption

  • urban

  • centralization

  • proletariat

The bourgeoisie:

  • Is a product of colonial _______

  • Is responsible for _______ aristocratic order

  • Revolutionizes all aspects of ______ constantly

  • Is cosmopolitan/international in its _______ and _______

  • Comes from the _____ class → centralization of people in cities

  • Contributed to the _______ of authority → concentration of wealth + rise of the nation-state

  • Creates the conditions for the rise of the ______

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communist

Because the proletariat has nothing, they have everything to gain from a revolution and a _____ society

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  • welfare

  • middle

  • dynamic

In reality, capitalist countries averted a communist revolution and it led to:

  • The expansion of the ______ state and nationalism

  • The rise of white-collar _____-class

  • Capitalist markets remaining _____ → always new desires → new needs → always changing

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underdeveloped

In reality, communist revolutions took place in countries where the proletariat was _______ (Russia, China)