Early English Colonies, Labor Systems, and Native Relations

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A set of 50 question-and-answer flashcards covering Jamestown’s early struggles, the rise of tobacco, indentured servitude, Bacon’s Rebellion, the Middle Colonies, Georgia’s founding and evolution, as well as Anglo-Native relations and the Pequot War.

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54 Terms

1
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What company originally founded the Jamestown settlement?

The Virginia Company.

2
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Why did the Virginia Company decide to send additional colonists to Jamestown?

They believed more settlers would strengthen and profit the colony.

3
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After the influx of new settlers, how many Jamestown colonists reportedly survived the crisis period?

Only 38 settlers survived.

4
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Which two leaders concluded that Jamestown was hopeless and attempted to abandon it in 1610?

John Smith and Sir Thomas Gates.

5
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Toward what location were the Jamestown survivors sailing before being turned back?

They were headed toward another settlement in the Chesapeake Bay area.

6
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Which new governor’s relief fleet intercepted the departing settlers and forced them to return to Jamestown?

Lord De La Warr.

7
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What cash crop eventually made Jamestown economically successful?

Tobacco.

8
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By 1670, about how many pounds of tobacco were shipped annually from Jamestown?

Roughly 15 million pounds.

9
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What labor system did early English planters rely on before widespread slavery?

Indentured servitude.

10
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What did indentured servants receive in exchange for their labor?

Passage to America (and basic sustenance) during their contract term.

11
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Was indentured servitude usually a lifelong condition?

No; it lasted for a fixed term, after which servants were freed.

12
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What happened to indentured servants once their contracts expired?

They were released on their own recognizance as free people.

13
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What legal right did indentured servants possess that enslaved Africans later did not?

They could file complaints in local courts.

14
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Name one way masters could legally extend an indentured servant’s time of service.

By citing “bad behavior” and adding years to the contract.

15
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What social problem emerged in Virginia as fertile land became scarce?

A growing class of landless colonists.

16
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Who controlled most of the fertile land in seventeenth-century Virginia?

Wealthy planters and elites.

17
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Who was governor of Virginia during the unrest that led to Bacon’s Rebellion?

Governor William Berkeley.

18
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In what year did Bacon’s Rebellion take place?

1676.

19
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What primary grievance fueled Bacon’s Rebellion?

Conflict over land and policies between landless settlers and wealthy planters.

20
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What drastic action did the rebels take against the colonial capital?

They burned Jamestown.

21
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What long-term effect did Bacon’s Rebellion have on colonial Virginia?

It resolved little but revealed deep class tensions.

22
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List the four middle colonies discussed in the lecture.

New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania.

23
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Which religious group spearheaded the settlement of Pennsylvania?

The Quakers.

24
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Why did the Quakers establish a colony in Pennsylvania?

To secure religious freedom and escape persecution.

25
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In what year was the colony of Georgia founded?

1732.

26
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After which monarch was Georgia named?

King George II.

27
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How many trustees initially governed Georgia?

Twenty-one trustees.

28
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What strategic military purpose did Georgia serve for the British colonies?

It acted as a buffer protecting Carolina from Spanish Florida.

29
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What social mission did Georgia’s founders hope to accomplish?

Providing refuge for England’s poor debtors and “wretched” citizens.

30
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When did Georgia officially become a royal colony?

1754.

31
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Around what year did Georgia’s population begin to rise significantly?

By 1763.

32
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Name three major commodities Georgia exported once its economy improved.

Rice, timber, and beef (pork was also exported).

33
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On what labor system did Georgia’s eventual economic success depend?

A slave-centered plantation economy.

34
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What were “praying towns” intended to achieve among Native peoples?

To convert and assimilate Natives into English Christianity and culture.

35
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Which Puritan dissenter argued that all religions were essentially equal?

Roger Williams.

36
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What was the first major armed conflict between New England colonists and Native peoples mentioned in the notes?

The Pequot War.

37
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What specific incident allegedly sparked the Pequot War?

The killing of English settlers that colonists blamed on Pequot Indians.

38
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In what year did the Pequot War end?

1637.

39
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What treaty formally concluded the Pequot War?

The Treaty of Hartford (1638).

40
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What happened to the Pequot nation under the Treaty of Hartford?

It was disbanded; many men were executed and women and children sold into slavery.

41
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To which Caribbean island were many captured Pequot women and children sent?

Barbados.

42
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Approximately how many Pequot men were executed after the war?

About 50–60 men.

43
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How did many English colonists interpret their victory in the Pequot War?

As a divine or “sweet” sacrifice blessed by God.

44
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What doctrine was used to justify enslaving Native captives after conflicts?

The “Just war” doctrine.

45
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How did most English colonists view the place of Native Americans in New England society?

They believed Natives had no place and often saw them as evil.

46
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What occurred to Native peoples who resisted English expansion after the Pequot War?

They were forced from their lands or killed outright.

47
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Why were many landless colonists roaming Virginia’s countryside before 1676?

They were seeking land or income because fertile areas were controlled by elites.

48
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Besides land disputes, what factor heightened tensions leading to Bacon’s Rebellion?

Overpopulation of landless settlers and dissatisfaction with government policies.

49
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What key difference distinguished indentured servitude from later racial slavery regarding duration?

Indentured servitude was for a set term, not for life.

50
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Which British colony ultimately served both as a military buffer and a slave-based economy similar to South Carolina?

Georgia.

51
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Who served as governor of Virginia during Bacon's Rebellion?

Governor William Berkeley.

52
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In what year did Lord De La Warr intervene to prevent the abandonment of Jamestown?

1610.

53
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Which specific Native American group faced execution and enslavement after their defeat in the Pequot War?

The Pequot nation.

54
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What major social issue contributed to widespread discontent among Virginia's colonists before Bacon's Rebellion?

The growing class of landless colonists due to scarce fertile land.