POL205 PRESIDENTS

Presidents and Policies

Emilio Aguinaldo

Emilio Aguinaldo

In his presidency: DFA established, Pact of Biak na Bato, American and Meiji relations, Treaty of Paris (`1st Pres)

Apolinario Mabini

First minister of the Dept of Foreign Affairs

Treaty of Paris

Treaty which sold the Philippines to the US for 20 million dollars, ending the Spanish-American War

Pact of Biak-na-Bato

Pact made by the Spanish government with the Filipino revolutionaries; legitimized the Filipino movement as sovereign outside the control of Spain

Manuel Quezon

In his presidency: Jones Law 1916, Hare-Hawes-Cutting 1933, Tydings-McDuffie 1934, Jewish refugee program, National Defense program (2nd Pres)

Jones Law 1916

Autonomy Act for the Philippines, replaced the American Commission with a proper Senate and promised Independence

Hare-Hawes-Cutting 1933

OsRox mission for independence, protested by Quezon for unfairness

Tydings-McDuffie 1934

Similar to the H-H-C, but contained an immediate promise of independence and national determination

Jewish refugee “Mindanao” project

Program by Quezon to rescue persecuted Jews and settle them in the Philippines as refugees

Jose Laurel

In his presidency: Japanese collaboration gov’t, pursuit for independence, Philippine cultural and economic self-sufficiency, diplomatic neutrality, and resistance to American influence (3rd Pres)

Manuel Roxas

In his presidency: debut of US imperialism, signing of Bell Trade Act 1946, Philippine Rehabilitation Act 1946 (5th Pres)

Bell Trade Act 1946

An act signed by Roxas which introduced parity rights for the Americans as economic leverage in return to rehabilitation and reparation funds

Philippine Rehabilitation Act 1946

Act establishing US aid for the reconstruction of post-war Philippines

Sergio Osmeña

In his presidency: EO No. 76 of 1945 organized the Office of Foreign Relations, membership in the United Nations and the Bell Trade Act (4th Pres)

Elpidio Quirino

In his presidency: White Russian refugee programs, part of Tydings-McDuffie 1946, Mutual Defense treaty with the US, HukBaLaHap rebellion 1948 (6th Pres)

Ramon Magsaysay

In his presidency: Establishment of SEATO, UN Charter, Joint Defense Council, Laurel-Langley Agreement, Huk Rebellion ends (7th Pres)

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

Int’l org. for the collective defense of Southeast Asia, established with the help of Magsaysay and the US

Carlos Garcia

In his presidency: Austerity Program for econ. recovery, Filipino First foreign policy (8th Pres)

Filipino First policy

Foreign policy which prioritized Filipino businesses and companies, led to the decrease of American-led and Fil-Chinese-led business corporations

Diosdado Macapagal

In his presidency: Manila Accord, MaPhilIndo, and Vietnam War (9th Pres)

Manila Accord

Accord respecting the establishment of Malaysia, started the Sabah Dispute

MaPhilIndo

The failed plan to united the Malay world (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines) under Macapagal; a non-political confederation which ended in conflict between Indonesia and Malaysia

Ferdinand Marcos Sr

In his presidency: Laurel-Langley Trade Agreement 1974 (Ended sugar and currency interventionism by the Americans) and Asian Regionalism (10th Pres)

Corazon Aquino

In her presidency: US Bases Extension Treaty (didn’t pass), US Aid foreign loan program, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), UN Convention Against Torture, Int’l Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and RA 7042 allowing 100% equity for foreign investors (11th Pres)

Benigno Aquino

In his presidency: WPS Arbitration, Protecting OFWs, Economic Diplomacy and National Security policies (15th Pres)

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

In her presidency: Int’l Council of Women World Leaders, 9 Foreign Policy Realities, PH-Japan Trade Deal, OFW Strengthening ties (14th Pres)

Nine Foreign Realities

Partnerships with China-Japan-US , ASEAN, Europe, Islamic Community, Inter-regional orgs, environmental protection, econ. diplomacy, international tourism, and OFWS

Fidel Ramos

In his presidency: Mindanao Peace Talks, Implementation of Mutual Defense Treaty, RA 8042 Migrant Workers Act (12th Pres)

Joseph Estrada

In his presidency: US-PH Visiting Forces Agreement, Restrictions in the WPS against Chinese intrusion (13th Pres)