The Psychological Self

Johari Window

is a convenient method used to achieve the task of understanding and enhancing communication between individuals and the members of a group

Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham (1955)

the two American psychologists who developed the Johari Window Model

Johari Window

is a technique designed to help people better understand their relationship with themselves and others

trust

_____ can be acquired by:
1. revealing information about you to others
2. learning yourselves from their feedback

open area, blind spot, hidden area, unknown

the four panels of the johari window model

Open Area/Arena

this area represents the things that you know about yourself and the things that others know about you

open area/arena

this includes your behavior, knowledge, skills, attitudes, and "public" history

Blind Spot

this area represents things about you that you aren't aware of but that are known by others.

blind spot

others may interpret yourself differently than you expect

Hidden Area/Facade

this area represents things that you know about yourself, but that others don't know

hidden area/facade

it's that closet of feelings, insecurities, and not-so-great experiences

private information

this is the hidden area/facade

Unknown

this area represents things that are unknown to you and are unknown by others

unknown

it could be abilities and potentials that you have not discovered about yourself yet

personality

in psychology, the study of _____
explores the processes behind the development of your unique characteristics and personality traits, and how they manifest and change over time

personality traits

_____ _____ are characteristic patterns in how you think, feel, and act

sliding scale

people can develop certain traits on a ______ ______, with some traits more intense and dominant than others

influences on one's personality

✔ genes
✔ life experiences
✔ adverse events you've faced
✔ community and culture
✔ early bonds
✔ raising styles

pyschoanalytic, hierarchy of needs, multiple intelligences

the three main personality theories

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic

Sigmund Freud's personality theory

Humanistic Psychology/Multiple Intelligences Theory

Abraham Maslow's personality theory

Multiple Intelligences Theory

Howard Gardner's personality theory

conscious and unconscious

according to Freud, the human mind is structured into two main parts

Conscious Mind

all the things we're aware of

Unconscious Mind

all of the things outside of our awareness (all of the wishes, desires, hopes, urges, and memories that we aren't aware of, yet continue to influence behavior).

iceberg

Freudian psychology compares
the mind to an _______

id, ego, superego

Freud divided human personality into three major components

instincts

id

reality

ego

morality

superego

pleasure

the id operates on the _______ principle, which refers to the instinctive drive to seek it and avoid pain

id

it strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs; if these needs are not satisfied immediately,
the result is a state of anxiety & tension

Eros and Thanatos

the two kinds of biological instincts (or drives) the id is comprised of

life instinct

Eros, or _____ ____, helps the individual to survive

Eros

it directs life-sustaining activities such as respiration, eating, and sex

Thanatos (death instinct)

is viewed as a set of destructive forces in all human beings

Ego

is the component of personality
that deals with reality and helps ensure that the demands of the id are satisfied in ways that are realistic, safe, and socially acceptable

social realities, norms, etiquette and rules

the ego considers ________ in deciding how to behave

Superego

is the part of the personality
that holds all of the internalized morals and standards that we acquire from our parents, family, and society at large

morality

the superego operates on the _________ principle and motivates us to behave in a socially responsible and acceptable manner

conscience and ideal self

the two systems of superego

Conscience

is our "inner voice" that tells us when we have done something
wrong

Ideal Self

is an imaginary picture of how you ought to be and represents career aspirations, how to treat other people, and how to behave as a member of society

ego-ideal

other term for ideal self

physiological, safety and security, love and belongingness, esteem, self-actualization

the first five of Maslow's hierarchy of needs

motivation theory

Maslow's hierarchy of
needs is a _______ _______ in psychology comprises a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid

Physiological Needs

these are biological requirements for human survival, e.g., air, food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, and sleep

Safety and Security Needs

includes physical security, stability, dependency, protection, and freedom from threatening forces

Love and Belonging Needs

This refers to a human emotional need for
interpersonal relationships, affiliating,
connectedness, and being part of a group

Esteem

this presents the typical human desire to be accepted and valued by others, including self-worth, accomplishment, self-respect, confidence,
competence, etc.

Self-Actualization

this need includes the fullest development of the self; the highest level of Maslow's hierarchy refers to the realization of a person's potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth, and peak experiences

cognitive, aesthetic, and transcendence needs

the three needs that were added into Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Cognitive Needs

this need drives our pursuit of knowledge and understanding;
it includes curiosity, exploration, and need for meaning and predictability

Aesthetic Needs

this includes appreciation and search for beauty, balance, form, etc.

aesthetic needs

fulfilling these needs leads to a
deeper sense of satisfaction and harmony in life, as individuals seek environments and experiences that are pleasing and resonant with their sense of beauty

Transcendence Needs

they represent the human desire to connect with a higher reality, purpose, or the universe

transcendence needs

this level emphasizes altruism, spiritual connection, and helping others achieve their potential

Multiple Intelligences Theory

this theory explains that people are not born with all of the intelligence they will ever have

learned

based on Gardner's theory, intelligence can be _______ throughout life

multiple intelligences theory

posits that individuals possess different types of intelligences rather than a single or general intelligence

interpersonal, intrapersonal, existential, naturalist, bodily kinesthetic, linguistic, musical, spatial, logical-m

Gardner's 9 types of multiple intelligences

Visual/Spatial Intelligence

people are good at visualizing things, and they are often good with directions as well as maps, charts, videos, and pictures

Verbal

they are able to use words well, both writing & speaking; these individuals are typically very good at writing stories, memorizing information, and reading

Logical/Mathematical Intelligence

they are good at reasoning, recognizing patterns, and logically analyzing problems; these individuals tend to think conceptually about numbers, relationships, and patterns

Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

those who have this are said to be good at body movement, performing actions, and physical control; they have excellent
hand-eye coordination and
dexterity

Musical Intelligence

those who have this are good at
thinking in patterns, rhythms,
and sounds; they have a strong
appreciation for music and are
often good at musical composition and performance

Interpersonal Intelligence

those who have this are good at understanding and interacting with other people; they are individuals that are skilled at assessing the emotions, motivations, desires, and intentions of those around them

Intrapersonal Intelligence

those who have this are good
at being aware of their own
emotional states, feelings, and
motivations; they tend to enjoy self-reflection and analysis, including daydreaming, exploring relationships with others, and assessing their personal strengths

Naturalistic Intelligence

those who have this are more in
tune with nature and are often
interested in nurturing, exploring the environment, and learning about other species; these individuals are said to be highly aware of even subtle changes to their environments

Existential Intelligence

has the ability to delve into deeper questions about life
and existence; people with this type of intelligence contemplate the "big" questions about topics such as the meaning of life and how actions can serve larger goals