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The fourth stage of mitosis, beginning when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles of the cell.
The requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to a solid surface.
The creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent, without the participation of sperm and egg.
A chromosome not directly involved in determining the sex of an organism; in mammals, for example, any chromosome other than X or Y.
An abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body.
A means of asexual reproduction in which a parent organism, often a single cell, divides into two genetically identical individuals of about equal size.
A disease characterized by the presence of malignant tumors (rapidly growing and spreading masses of abnormal body cells) in the body.
An ordered sequence of events (including interphase and the mitotic phase) that extends from the time a eukaryotic cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells.
A cyclically operating set of proteins that triggers and coordinates events in the eukaryotic cell cycle.
The reproduction of a cell through duplication of the genome and division of the cytoplasm.
A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.
The region of a duplicated chromosome where two sister chromatids are joined (often appearing as a narrow "waist") and where spindle microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis. The centromere divides at the onset of anaphase during mitosis and anaphase II during meiosis.
The microscopically visible site where crossing over has occurred between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.
The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes; often used to refer to the diffuse, very extended form taken by chromosomes when a cell is not dividing.
A structure found in animal cells from which microtubules originate and that is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles.
A gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis; also, the main gene-carrying structure of a prokaryotic cell. A chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.
cytokinesis in animal cells and in some protists, characterized by pinching in of the plasma membrane
The first sign of cytokinesis during cell division in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.
As a verb, to produce genetically identical copies of a cell, organism, or DNA molecule. As a noun, the collection of cells, organisms, or molecules resulting from cloning; colloquially, a single organism that is genetically identical to another because it arose from the cloning of a somatic cell.
The exchange of segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during synapsis in prophase I of meiosis; also, the exchange of segments between DNA molecules in prokaryotes.
the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs in conjunction with telophase of mitosis. Mitosis and cytokinesis make up the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle.
The loss of one or more nucleotides from a gene by mutation; the loss of a fragment of a chromosome.
The ceasing of cell division that occurs when cells touch one another.
In an organism that reproduces sexually, a cell containing two homologous sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent; a 2n cell.
In flowering plants, the formation of both a zygote and a cell with a triploid nucleus, which develops into the endosperm.
Repetition of part of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome; can result from an error in meiosis or from mutagenesis.
A sex cell; a haploid egg or sperm. The union of two gametes of opposite sex (fertilization) produces a zygote.
A protein secreted by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide.
In the life cycle of an organism that reproduces sexually, a cell containing a single set of chromosomes; an n cell.
The two chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell. Homologous chromosomes are of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern and possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother.
The period in the eukaryotic cell cycle when the cell is not actually dividing. Interphase constitutes the majority of the time spent in the cell cycle. See also mitotic phase (M phase).
A change in a chromosome resulting from reattachment of a chromosome fragment to the original chromosome, but in the reverse direction. Mutagens and errors during meiosis can cause inversions.
