ATP & Enzyme Function

These flashcards cover key vocabulary terms related to ATP, enzymes, and thermodynamic principles as presented in the lecture.

Hypertonic

A solution with a higher solute concentration compared to another solution.

Hypotonic

A solution with a lower solute concentration compared to another solution.

Isotonic

A solution with equal solute concentration compared to another solution.

Active transport

The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane using energy, typically from ATP.

Passive transport

The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane without the use of energy.

Primary active transport

Direct use of ATP to transport molecules against their concentration gradient.

Secondary active transport

The use of energy from an established concentration gradient to transport molecules across a membrane.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration.

Enthalpy (ΔH)

A measure of the total heat content of a system in thermodynamics.

Entropy (ΔS)

A measure of disorder or randomness in a system.

Endothermic reaction

A chemical reaction that absorbs heat from its surroundings.

Exothermic reaction

A chemical reaction that releases heat to its surroundings.

Activation Energy

The minimum amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.

Enzyme

A biological catalyst that accelerates chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG)

A thermodynamic quantity that indicates whether a reaction will occur spontaneously.

Spontaneous reaction

A reaction that occurs without external intervention, typically resulting in a negative ΔG.

Catalyst

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing permanent chemical change.

Chemical reaction

A process that involves the breaking and forming of bonds between atoms.