APWH: Period 0 Gold (10,000 BCE-1200 CE)

Prepared answers for Gold questions (Claim, Evidence, Explain)(#6 not being asked)(1-2 Neolithic Revolution, 3-4 Religion, 5-8 Empires)

1. How did the environment affect the earliest human migrations?(Type & Claim)

**Causation**- climate change and changing ocean levels

1. How did the environment affect the earliest human migrations?(Evidence/Explain)

**Climate change**(__equator__-cooling, __poles__-global warming). **Changing ocean levels**(lowered ocean-__land bridges-__explore Americas. raising-isolated nomads). Both caused **migrations out of Africa.**

2. How did increased production due to farming lead to more sratafied societies? (Type & Claim)

**Causation**- because of organization of new roles in the society

2. How did increased production due to farming lead to more sratafied societies? (Evidence/Explain)

**Nomadic**/kinship lifestyle to farming caused **sustainability** and a **food surplus- population increase-** emergence of **specialization of labor**(plant, water, harvest)- **social hierarchy(priests, nobles, rulers)- own land/distribute resources.** Civs develop with their own unique cultures, governments, and religions- diff **social classes** and **hierarchial chains**.

3. How did the belief systems affect the development of civilizations and empires over time? (Type & Claim)

**Causation**- through social order and hierarchy

3. How did the belief systems affect the development of civilizations and empires over time? (Evidence/Explain)

**Caste system**(Hindusism religious construct) incorporated through **dharma**(righteous duty) that created **rigid social hiearch**y and stability. **Reincarnation** into **higher castes** based on past actions(**karma**). **Brahmins(priestly caste**)- high, **legitimacy** to rule, created **centralized control** w castes to maintain **authority** and **order**.

4. How have belief systems developed and changed as they spread from their places of origins into other regions? (Type & Claim)

**CCOT**- because of **religious syncretism and splits(add a continuity)**

4. How have belief systems developed and changed as they spread from their places of origins into other regions? (Evidence/Explain)

**Divisions in Islam(Arabian Peninsula)-** Sunni & Shia branches- **disagreements** over **leadership** and rightful **successors** to Prophet **Muhammad**. **Cultural diffusion/Religious syncretism**- merchants, missionaries, and sufism. **Sufism** occurred when **Islam spread to South Asia(**__blend of Islamic teachings and__ __**spiritual practices**__**)**.

5. In what ways did culture play a significant role in unifying states and maintaining empires? (Type & Claim)

**Causation**- through religion

5. In what ways did culture play a significant role in unifying states and maintaining empires? (Evidence/Explain)

**Tension** from **Qin** dynasty caused **Han** dynasty to **overthrow** them and use **Confucious** beliefs to maintain order and unify(__5 relationships, filial piety, ancestor veneration)__. Unified empire- **official state ideology, social harmony w/ hierarchy**, encouraged **Confucian teachings**, create sense of **unity**→ **stable environment for centuries.**

7. In what ways did the environment affect early civilizations and empires? (Type & Claim)

**Causation**- affects sustainability and population

7. In what ways did the environment affect early civilizations and empires? (Evidence/Explain)

**Agricultural practices**- fertile soil, water sources, stable climate→ food surplus→ population increase, but **climate change** causes migrations/**droughts(famine**)-**rise/fall of empires** because there is no **resource availability**. **Settlement patterns**- rivers (Indus/Egypt)- **irrigation, transportation** and **agriculture**. Environment can positively and negatively affect civs and empires.

8. How did cultural, political, and/or environmental changes affect the dissolution of states? (Type & Claim)

**Causation**- internal struggles(overextension)

8. How did cultural, political, and/or environmental changes affect the dissolution of states? (Evidence/Explain)

Primary example is **overextension** in **Roman Empire** →method of **paying soldiers** was giving **land** and the more they were rewarded the **less land** there was **for farming** so they had to **expand**. To **protect** the **bigger empire** **more soldiers** were **hired** and given **payment in land** and it was an **unsustainable cycle.**