APWH: Period 0 Gold (10,000 BCE-1200 CE)

Prepared answers for Gold questions (Claim, Evidence, Explain)(#6 not being asked)(1-2 Neolithic Revolution, 3-4 Religion, 5-8 Empires)

1. How did the environment affect the earliest human migrations?(Type & Claim)

Causation- climate change and changing ocean levels

1. How did the environment affect the earliest human migrations?(Evidence/Explain)

Climate change(equator-cooling, poles-global warming). Changing ocean levels(lowered ocean-land bridges-explore Americas. raising-isolated nomads). Both caused migrations out of Africa.

2. How did increased production due to farming lead to more sratafied societies? (Type & Claim)

Causation- because of organization of new roles in the society

2. How did increased production due to farming lead to more sratafied societies? (Evidence/Explain)

Nomadic/kinship lifestyle to farming caused sustainability and a food surplus- population increase- emergence of specialization of labor(plant, water, harvest)- social hierarchy(priests, nobles, rulers)- own land/distribute resources. Civs develop with their own unique cultures, governments, and religions- diff social classes and hierarchial chains.

3. How did the belief systems affect the development of civilizations and empires over time? (Type & Claim)

Causation- through social order and hierarchy

3. How did the belief systems affect the development of civilizations and empires over time? (Evidence/Explain)

Caste system(Hindusism religious construct) incorporated through dharma(righteous duty) that created rigid social hiearchy and stability. Reincarnation into higher castes based on past actions(karma). Brahmins(priestly caste)- high, legitimacy to rule, created centralized control w castes to maintain authority and order.

4. How have belief systems developed and changed as they spread from their places of origins into other regions? (Type & Claim)

CCOT- because of religious syncretism and splits(add a continuity)

4. How have belief systems developed and changed as they spread from their places of origins into other regions? (Evidence/Explain)

Divisions in Islam(Arabian Peninsula)- Sunni & Shia branches- disagreements over leadership and rightful successors to Prophet Muhammad. Cultural diffusion/Religious syncretism- merchants, missionaries, and sufism. Sufism occurred when Islam spread to South Asia(blend of Islamic teachings and spiritual practices).

5. In what ways did culture play a significant role in unifying states and maintaining empires? (Type & Claim)

Causation- through religion

5. In what ways did culture play a significant role in unifying states and maintaining empires? (Evidence/Explain)

Tension from Qin dynasty caused Han dynasty to overthrow them and use Confucious beliefs to maintain order and unify(5 relationships, filial piety, ancestor veneration). Unified empire- official state ideology, social harmony w/ hierarchy, encouraged Confucian teachings, create sense of unity→ stable environment for centuries.

7. In what ways did the environment affect early civilizations and empires? (Type & Claim)

Causation- affects sustainability and population

7. In what ways did the environment affect early civilizations and empires? (Evidence/Explain)

Agricultural practices- fertile soil, water sources, stable climate→ food surplus→ population increase, but climate change causes migrations/droughts(famine)-rise/fall of empires because there is no resource availability. Settlement patterns- rivers (Indus/Egypt)- irrigation, transportation and agriculture. Environment can positively and negatively affect civs and empires.

8. How did cultural, political, and/or environmental changes affect the dissolution of states? (Type & Claim)

Causation- internal struggles(overextension)

8. How did cultural, political, and/or environmental changes affect the dissolution of states? (Evidence/Explain)

Primary example is overextension in Roman Empire →method of paying soldiers was giving land and the more they were rewarded the less land there was for farming so they had to expand. To protect the bigger empire more soldiers were hired and given payment in land and it was an unsustainable cycle.