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Westward Expansion
The movement of settlers and immigrants from the eastern United States to the west, significantly changing the demographic and social landscape of the nation.
Gold Rush
A period characterized by a rush of settlers to areas where gold was discovered, notably in California and Colorado.
Boomtowns
Towns that suddenly grow in population and economic activity due to the discovery of valuable resources, such as gold or silver.
Ghost Towns
Abandoned towns that once thrived during boom periods but were deserted when resources were depleted.
Transcontinental Railroad
A railroad that connected the east and west coasts of the United States, facilitating transport and commerce.
Central Pacific Company
One of the two companies involved in constructing the Transcontinental Railroad, beginning in Sacramento, California.
Union Pacific Company
One of the two companies building the Transcontinental Railroad, starting from Omaha, Nebraska.
Cow Towns
Towns that developed at the end of cattle drives, often near railroads, serving as hubs for cowhands and cattle trading.
Vaqueros
Hispanic cowhands who introduced techniques such as riding, roping, and branding to the cattle industry.
Homestead Act of 1862
Legislation that encouraged settlement of the Great Plains by offering 160 acres of land to families willing to farm it for five years.
Sodbusters
Farmers who worked the tough soil of the Great Plains, often associated with changing farming methods.
Dry Farming
An agricultural technique that conserves moisture in soil by farming methods that trap limited moisture.
Indian Peace Commission
A U.S. government body established to create policies concerning the relocation of Native Americans to reservations.
Reservation
Designated areas where Native Americans were forced to live, often on land unsuitable for agriculture.
Little Bighorn
Site of a significant battle in 1876 between U.S. Army forces and Native American tribes, notably led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.
Custer’s Last Stand
The battle where Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer and his men were defeated by Native American forces at Little Bighorn.
Sitting Bull
A prominent Sioux chief who played a significant role in resisting U.S. government policies and battles.
Ghost Dance
A spiritual movement among Native Americans that expressed hope for a return of their traditional ways and the disappearance of settlers.
Wounded Knee Massacre
The 1890 killing of hundreds of Sioux by U.S. troops, marking a tragic end to the Indian Wars.
Assimilation
The process of blending Native Americans into European-American society, often through forced cultural practices.
Dawes Act
An act aimed at assimilating Native Americans by allotting individual plots of land to them instead of communal tribal land.
Buffalo Soldiers
African American soldiers who served in the U.S. Army during the Indian Wars and later in the Spanish-American War.
Grasshopper Plague
A major agricultural disaster in the Great Plains caused by large swarms of grasshoppers that destroyed crops.
Cattle Drives
The process of moving large herds of cattle from grazing areas to railroads for transportation to markets.
Longhorn Cattle
A breed of cattle known for their long horns, often associated with ranching in Texas.
Barbed Wire
A type of fencing that revolutionized cattle ranching by keeping cattle in fields and away from crops.
Steel Plow
An improved farming tool invented by John Deere that allowed farmers to break tough sod more effectively.
Ghost Dance Movement
A religious movement that sought to restore Native American culture and way of life, leading to tensions with the U.S. government.