Individual Differences, Motivation, and Leadership: Organizational Behavior Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering organizational behavior topics including job attitudes, personality models, motivation theories, perception, leadership styles, and group dynamics based dynamics.

How does the lecture define job satisfaction?

A positive attitude or emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experience.

What specific facets are assessed by the Job Descriptive Index (JDI)?

The work itself, supervision, people, pay, and promotion.

In the EVLN framework, what does 'Neglect' represent?

A passive and destructive response to job dissatisfaction where an employee allows conditions to worsen through chronic absenteeism, lateness, reduced effort, or a higher error rate.

According to the lecture, how does the effect of pay on job satisfaction change once a standard level of comfortable living is reached?

The effect can become smaller once a person reaches that level.

Contrast Job Enlargement (Task Enlargement) with Job Enlargement (Knowledge Enlargement) regarding job satisfaction.

Job satisfaction increases with knowledge enlargement (making more complex decisions) but decreases with task enlargement (performing more tasks of the same difficulty).

What are the three components of Organizational Commitment?

Affective Commitment (emotional attachment), Continuance Commitment (economic value of staying), and Normative Commitment (feeling of obligation).

Which component of Organizational Commitment is the strongest predictor of performance and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)?

Affective Commitment.

Define Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB).

Employee behavior that transcends job performance and is directed to the overall welfare of the organization, such as altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy, sportsmanship, and civic virtue.

What is the correlation ($r$) between Organisational Citizenship Behaviour and productivity across different organizational units?

$$r = 0.41$$

List the six personality types in John Holland's RIASEC model.

Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional.

According to the lecture, what is the correlation ($r$) between personality and job performance?

$$r = 0.31$$

What are the four trait pairs classifications used by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?

The MBTI faucets tap four characteristics to classify people into one of 16 personality types (e.g., INTJs).

In the Big Five Personality Model, which trait is the strongest overall predictor of job performance?

Conscientiousness.

What are the characteristics of the 'Dark Triad' traits?

Machiavellianism (ends justify means), Narcissism (grandiose self-importance), and Psychopathy (lack of concern for others and lack of guilt).

Define 'Situational Strength' and its four components.

The degree to which norms, cues, or standards dictate appropriate behavior; its components are Clarity, Consistency, Constraints, and Consequences.

What is the difference between Surface-level and Deep-level diversity?

Surface-level diversity involves easily observable characteristics like gender, age, and race; Deep-level diversity involves differences in values, personality, and work preferences that become apparent through ongoing interaction.

What is Stereotype Threat?

The degree to which someone is concerned with being judged by or treated negatively based on a certain stereotype, which may lead to self-handicapping or over-compensation.

According to Equity Theory, how might an employee respond if they feel underpaid?

They may change inputs (exert less effort), change outcomes (increase quantity at the expense of quality), distort perceptions of self or others, choose a different referent, or leave the field (quit).

What three conditions make goals most effective according to Goal-setting theory?

When goals are specific, when goals are difficult (challenging yet reachable), and when feedback is provided.

In OKRs, what is the difference between an Objective (O) and Key Results (KRs)?

An Objective is a clear, qualitative, inspiring statement of what you want to achieve; Key Results are quantifiable, measurable outcomes (usually 2–5 per objective) that indicate if the objective has been met.

Define the 'Halo Effect' and its counterpart the 'Horns Effect'.

The Halo effect is drawing a positive general impression based on a single characteristic; the Horns effect is drawing a negative general impression based on a single characteristic.

What is 'Bounded Rationality'?

A simplified process of making decisions by perceiving and interpreting essential features of problems without capturing their complexity, leading to 'satisficing' (seeking solutions that are merely sufficient).

Explain 'Escalation of Commitment'.

An increased commitment to a previous decision despite negative information, often occurring when individuals feel responsible for the outcome or believe they will eventually succeed.

What is the difference between Surface Acting and Deep Acting in emotional labor?

Surface acting is the regulation of visible behavior (hiding inner feelings) while deep acting is the regulation of true inner feelings to match required displays.

What are the three components of burnout mentioned in the lecture?

Emotional exhaustion, Depersonalization (cynicism), and lack of Personal accomplishment (professional efficacy).

What are the four reactions to information overload?

Omission, Error, Queuing, Escape, use of a gatekeeper, and use of multiple channels.

According to Situational Leadership Theory, what are the four leadership styles based on follower readiness?

Directing (High structure, low consideration), Coaching (High structure, high consideration), Supporting (Low structure, high consideration), and Delegating (Low structure, low consideration).

What are the four components of Transformational Leadership?

Individualised consideration, Intellectual stimulation, Inspirational motivation, and Idealised influence.

Define 'Groupthink' and list two ways to minimize it.

A phenomenon where group pressures for conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual or minority views; it can be minimized by monitoring group size, encouraging impartial leadership, or appointing a devil’s advocate.

What is 'Social Loafing'?

The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when alone.

According to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), what are the three basic psychological needs?

The need for Relatedness, Autonomy, and Competence.

Explain the three relationships in Expectancy Theory.

1. Expectancy (Effort-Performance): belief that effort leads to performance. 2. Instrumentality (Performance-Reward): belief that performance leads to rewards. 3. Valence (Rewards-Personal Goals): the attractiveness of the rewards to the individual.