Knowledge Check #3

Parkinson disease is associated with defects of which area of the brain?

Medulla oblongata

Substantia nigra

Thalamus

Cerebellum

Substantia nigra

Parkinson disease is a condition associated with defects of the substantia nigra and destruction of dopamine-secreting neurons

A patient suffered a seizure for the first time. The spouse asks the nurse to explain what a seizure is. What response by the nurse is best?

Actions that occur without conscious thought because of a stimulus

A series of excessive purposeless movements

A sudden, explosive, disorderly discharge of brain cells

A disease where a person has frequent seizures like this one

A sudden, explosive, disorderly discharge of brain cells

Cerebral edema is an increase in the fluid content of what part of the brain?

Neurons

Tissue

Ventricles

Meninges

Tissue

Cerebral edema is an increase in the fluid content of the brain tissue, accumulation of water within the brain

A patient has been hospitalized with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). The patient asks how this could have occurred. What response by the nurse is best?

It is often transmitted by family pets

It is often preceded by a viral illness

It is due to a genetic defect in acetylcholine

It could be caused by a brain tumor

It is often preceded by a viral illness

GBS is considered an autoimmune disease triggered by a preceding bacterial or viral infection

What is true about a fever? (Select all that apply.)

It is a complex cascade involving several different systems

It can be the result of a dysfunctional hypothalamus

It triggers endocrine responses

It is in response to a pyrogen

It should be eliminated as quickly as possible

It is a complex cascade involving several different systems

It can be the result of a dysfunctional hypothalamus

It triggers endocrine responses

It is in response to a pyrogen

Fever is a complex integrated cascade of behavioral, neurologic, and endocrine responses to an immune challenge initiated by endogenous pyrogens or disorders of the hypothalamus. Fever aids the response to infectious processes and should only be interrupted when it presents additional risk

Reflex activities concerned with heart rate, blood pressure, respirations, sneezing, swallowing, and coughing are controlled by which area of the brain?

Medulla oblongata

Midbrain

Pons

Cerebellum

Medulla oblongata

A nurse is caring for a patient diagnosed with aphasia. What action by the professional would be best in working with this patient?

Provide physical therapy

Provide special thickened foods

Provide speech therapy

Provide balance activities

Provide speech therapy

Aphasia is the loss of comprehension or production of language

What type of posturing exists when a person with severe closed head injury has all four extremities in rigid extension with the forearms in hyperpronation and the legs in plantar extension?

Spastic

Decorticate

Decerebrate

Cerebellar

Decerebrate

Decerebrate posturing includes maintaining all four extremities in rigid extension

What part of the brain mediates the physical expression of emotions?

Basal ganglia

Medulla oblongata

Subthalamus

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

A person has been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis and asks the nurse to explain the disease. What description by the nurse is most accurate?

Myelination of nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system

Demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS

Inherited autosomal dominant trait with high penetrance

Development of neurofibrillary tangles in the CNS

Demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS

MS is an autoimmune disorder diffusely involving the degeneration of CNS myelin and loss of axons

In which disorder are acetylcholine receptor antibodies (IgG antibodies) produced against acetylcholine receptors?

Myasthenia gravis

Multiple sclerosis

Guillain-Barre syndrome

Parkinson’s

Myasthenia gravis

The main defect of myasthenia gravis is the formation of autoantibodies (an immunoglobulin G [IgG] antibody) against receptors at the Ach-binding site on the postsynaptic membrane

What is a hypersensitivity reaction that produces an allergic response called?

Hemolytic shock

Anaphylaxis

Necrotizing vasculitis

Systemic erythematosus

Anaphylaxis

During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, what causes bronchospasm?

Bronchial edema caused by the chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis

Bronchial edema caused by binding of the cytotropic antibody

Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H₁ receptors

Stimulation of the cough center in the medulla oblongata

Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H₁ receptors

Cytokines are thought to cause fevers by stimulating the synthesis of which chemical mediator?

Leukotriene

Histamine

Prostaglandin

Bradykin

Prostaglandin

Types of primary immunodeficiencies include all of the following EXCEPT: 

Cellular (T-cell)

Chemotherapy

Humoral (B-cell)

SCID

Chemotherapy

Is a secondary immunodeficiency acquired later in life

An underactive immune response is termed hypersensitivity or autoimmunity

T/F

False

Hypersensitivity and autoimmune responses are due to an overactive immune response

Clinical manifestations of secondary immunodeficiencies include which of the following (select all that apply)

Delayed wound healing

Failure to thrive

Reactivation of latent infections

Opportunistic infections

Delayed wound healing

Reactivation of latent infections

Opportunistic infections

Failure to thrive is considered a clinical manifestation seen in infants in primary immunodeficiencies

A type IV hypersensitivity might occur after which of the following?

If donor marrow is not well matched, as in graft vs host disease

A mismatched blood transfusion

After having a strep throat infection

A bee sting

If donor marrow is not well matched, as in graft vs host disease

a type IV hypersensitivity is a cell mediated Delayed response that occurs after the donor marrow begins making T cells and attacks the host cells

Disorders of B-cell function impair the body’s ability to produce antibodies against disease.

T/F

True

Which type of infection is most frequently a result of an antibody deficiency?

Viral

Fungal

Bacterial

Opportunistic

Bacterial

Bacterial infections (Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae) are frequently seen cases of antibody deficiency, whereas severe viral, fungal, and opportunistic infections most often characterize T-cell deficiencies