Intro to B&B - Quiz 2

Lectures 7-11

how long is the sensorimotor stage?

from 0-2 years

how do you move past the sensorimotor stage?

obtain object permanence

how long does the preoperational stage last?

from 2-6 years

how do children in the sensorimotor stage experience the world?

solely through touch and movement

what is egocentrism?

not understanding that the world appears differently to each person

how do you pass the preoperational stage?

by passing the false belief test

how long is the concrete operational stage?

from 7-11 years

what do children in the concrete operational stage learn?

concrete objects can be affected by actions

why do children make predictable mistakes before 11 years old?

a lack of cognitive development

how long is the formal operational stage?

from 11+ years

what can children do in the formal operational stage?

show abstract thinking, speculate, and solve non-physical problems

what are the skills necessary for learning from others?

joint attention, social referencing, and imitation

how do secure attachment style infants act?

if sad, goes to mother for comfort; if calm, acknowledges mother

how do avoidant attachment style infants act?

acts calm and then does not acknowledge mother

how do ambivalent attachment style infants act?

is distressed, then ignores mother and refuses comfort

how do disorganized attachment style infants act?

have inconsistent patterns of reaction

how does the brain change during puberty?

increase in myelination and synaptic pruning continues

what is the crisis of Erickson’s 1st year of life?

trust vs. mistrust

what is the crisis of Erickson’s 2nd year of life?

autonomy vs. doubt

what is the favorable outcome of the 2nd year of life?

sense of self-control and adequacy

what is the unfavorable outcome of the 2nd year of life?

shame and self-doubt

what is the crisis of Erickson’s 3rd-5th years?

initiative vs. guilt

what is the unfavorable outcome of the 3rd-5th years of life?

sense of guilt and failure to be on your own

what is the favorable outcome of the 3rd-5th years of life?

being a “self-starter” and initiating you own activities

what is the crisis of Erickson’s 6th to puberty?

industry vs. inferiority

what is the favorable outcome of the 6th year to puberty?

ability to learn how things work and to understand

what is the unfavorable outcome of the 6th year to puberty?

a sense of inferiority at understanding

what is the crisis during adolescence?

identity vs. confusion

what is a favorable outcome of adolescence?

seeing yourself as a unique person

what is a favorable outcome of adolescence?

confusion over who you are

what is the crisis of early adulthood?

intimacy vs. isolation

what is the favorable outcome of early adulthood?

ability to love

what is the unfavorable outcome of early adulthood?

inability to form loving relationships

what is the crisis of middle age?

generativity vs. self-adsorption

what is the favorable outcome of middle age?

concern for family and society

what is the unfavorable outcome of middle age?

concern for only yourself

what is the crisis of the aging years?

integrity vs. despair

what is the favorable outcome of the aging years?

sense of fulfillment and willingness to face death

what is the unfavorable outcome of the aging years?

dissatisfaction with life and despair over death

how to cognitive abilities generally change over adulthood?

slow decline

does getting old make you unhappy?

no; decrease in stress, worry, and anger

what is Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)?

having testes and XY chromosome, but having secondary female characteristics

what is congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)?

adrenal glands secreting raised amounts of androgens, leading to varying degrees of masculinization of the reproductive organs

what is consciousness?

subjective experience while awake of the world and mind

what are the four basic parts of consciousness?

intentionality, unity, selectivity, and transience

what is intentionality?

ability to control your awareness by directing thoughts and ignoring others

what is unity?

only having a single experience at a time

what is selectivity?

the capacity to include some objects but not others; intentional and not

what is transience?

the tendency to change

what is minimal consciousness?

low-level of sensory awareness and responsiveness that may output behavior

what is full consciousness?

consciousness where you know and can report your mental state

what is self-consciousness?

level of consciousness where attention can be drawn to the self

how are humans different from robots?

humans have agency/capacity to make choices

what are the physiological signs of sleep?

relaxed muscles, eye movement variation, and changes in neuron activity in the brain

what is REM sleep?

Rapid-eye movement

what is NREM/slow-wave sleep?

non-rapid-eye movements

what are the signs of REM sleep?

rapid irregular waves of EEG, dreams, and lack of muscle tonus

what are signs of NREM sleep?

slow waves of EEG and moderate muscle tonus

what are alpha waves?

regular, medium-frequency neural waves of 8-12 HZ during periods of rest

what are beta waves?

irregular, low-amplitude waves of 13-30 Hz that occur during periods of activity

what are theta waves?

3.5-7.5 Hz waves during transition between sleep and wakefulness

what are delta waves?

regular electrical activity of <4 Hz during deepest stages of NREM sleep

what does the thalamus do for sleep?

has increased function to stop stimuli from disrupting sleep

what is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

acts as a biological clock for sleep by processing light cues

how does melatonin (Process C) relate to sleep?

signals that it is time for sleep, does not induce sleep

how does adenosine (Process S) relate to sleep?

increases sleep pressure

what is a chronotype?

the differences in peaks and troughs of the natural cycle

what are the characteristics of dreams?

intense emotion, illogical thought, sensation (excluding pain), uncritical acceptance, poor memory

manifest content

the superficial content of a dream

if Process C is high, how do you feel?

more alert

if Process S is high, how do you feel?

feel sleepier

latent content

the underlying meaning of a dream

what does Freud believe dreams represent?

the unacceptable wishes of the mind

what is the activation-synthesis model?

dreams are produced by the brain trying to make sense of random activations

how do you diagnose a sleep disorder?

a sleep study/polysomnography and a sleep log

what is insomnia?

inability to fall/stay asleep

what is sleep apnea?

disrupted breathing during sleep

what is somnambulism?

sleep waking, talking, etc. during sleep

what is narcolepsy?

neurological disorder that affects the sleep-wake cycle, causing excessive daytime sleepiness

what is Circadian Rhythm Sleep Wave Disorder?

bed/wake times drift later each day and do not align with typical 24-hour sleep cycle

what is fatal familial insomnia?

prion disease that slowly eliminates the ability to sleep