Chương 1.docx
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39 Terms
When did the term 'political economy' first appear?
1615
Who was the first to introduce the term 'political economy'?
Montchretien
Who is credited with making economics an independent science?
Adam Smith
Who founded Marxist political economy?
Lenin
What is the object of study in Marxist-Leninist political economy?
The study of the relationships between people in the process of production, distribution, exchange, and consumption.
What is the goal of the study of Marxist-Leninist political economy?
To discover the laws governing the movement and development of society.
What is an economic law?
It reflects the essential, necessary, objective, and repetitive relations of human society.
What is economic policy?
Decisions made by the government regarding economic development.
To which category does economic policy belong?
Social relations.
What research methods are characteristic of political economy?
Logic combined with historical methods.
Who first introduced the concept of 'capital'?
Karl Marx.
How is capital understood?
Assets that can generate income.
Who pointed out that capital is a social relationship?
Karl Marx.
What can capital be classified into?
Fixed capital and circulating capital.
What is fixed capital?
Capital invested in fixed assets like machinery and equipment.
What is circulating capital?
Capital invested in raw materials, labor, and working expenses.
Who developed the labor theory of value?
Karl Marx.
What determines the value of a commodity?
The socially necessary labor time required to produce it.
Who stated that profit arises from the exploitation of labor?
Karl Marx.
Where does profit originate from?
The difference between the value of the product and production costs.
Who noted that competition is the driving force of production?
Adam Smith.
What role does competition play in the economy?
It promotes development and technological innovation.
Who pointed out that wealth inequality is a characteristic of capitalism?
Karl Marx.
What impact does wealth inequality have on society?
It causes social conflicts and tensions.
Who indicated that capitalism would lead to economic crises?
Karl Marx.
What is understood by economic crisis?
A sudden downturn in economic activity leading to unemployment and reduced production.
Who argued that socialism is a replacement for capitalism?
Karl Marx.
On what basis is socialism built?
Common ownership of the means of production.
Who suggested that socialism would lead to societal development?
Karl Marx.
Who pointed out that the growth of productive forces is the main driving force of history?
Karl Marx.
What do productive forces include?
Means of production and labor.
Who stated that societal development depends on the development of productive forces?
Karl Marx.
Who noted that changes in production relations lead to changes in the superstructure?
Karl Marx.
What does the superstructure include?
Politics, law, culture, and ideology.
Who claimed that the development of capitalism would lead to economic crises?
Karl Marx.
How can economic crisis be understood?
A decline in economic activity and unemployment.
Who posited that socialism is the next stage of social development?
Karl Marx.
What is a prominent feature of socialism?
Collective ownership of production means.
Who indicated that societal development results from class struggle?
Karl Marx.