Biology(cells)

Cell theory

-smallest living thing

-all living things made of cells

-all cells come from other pre existing cells

(Matthias Schleiden and later theodor Schwann)

Nucleus

-contains genetic material

-controls cell activities

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What is a prokaryotic cell.

A cell without a membrane bound nucleus or organelles

What is a eukaryotic cell

A cell with a membrane bound nucleus and organelles

Which organisms are eukaryotes

Animals plants fungi and protists

Which type of cell is larger

Eukaryotic cells

What is the main function of the cell membrane

Controls movement of substances into and out of the cell

What is the membrane mainly composed of

Phospholipids and proteins

What does selectively permeable mean?

Allows only some substances to pass

Which organelle contains chromosomes

Nucleus

Function of ribosomes

Protein synthesis

Function of Rough ER

Synthesises and transports proteins

Function of smooth ER

Lipid synthesis, detoxification and calcium storage

function of Golgi apparatus

Modifies sorts and packages proteins and lipids

Function of lysosomes

Digest waste materials and damaged organelles

Function of peroxisome

Breaks down fatty acids and detoxify hydrogen peroxide

Function if mitochondria

ATP production through cellular respiration

Which organelle has its own DNA?

Mitochondria

Which cells contain chloroplast

Plant cells

Function of chloroplasts

Photosynthesis

What is cytoplasm

Gel like substance where organelles are suspended

Function of cytoskeleton

Provides shape, support and intracellular transport

Which cells have a cell wall?

Plants, fungi and bacteria

Main component of cell wall

Cellulose

Function of central vacuole

Stores water and maintains tugor pressure

Where is DNA located in eukaryotic cells?

Mainly in nucleus

Which organelles contain own DNA?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Two structures found only in plantcells

Cell wall and chloroplasts

One organelles found only in animal cells

Centrioles

Why are mitochondria thought to have evolved from bacteria?

Because they have their own circular DNA, bacterial-like ribosomes, divide independently by binary fission, and possess a double membrane—evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory.

Why do red blood cells not contain mitochondria?

To maximize space for haemoglobin and because they rely on anaerobic glycolysis for ATP.

Ribosome size in prokaryotes?

70S

Ribosome size in eukaryotes?

80S

Which cells contain mitochondria?

Eukaryotic cells only

Which cells reproduce by binary fission?

Prokaryotes

Function of cholesterol?

Regulates membrane fluidity and stabilit

Function of membrane carbohydrates?

Cell recognition and signaling

Which molecules diffuse freely?

Small nonpolar molecules (O₂, CO₂)

Which transport uses carrier proteins?

Facilitated diffusion and active transport.

Endocytosis?

Uptake of materials by vesicles

Exocytosis?

Release of materials by vesicles

Ribosomes are made of?

rRNA and proteins

Free ribosomes produce?

Cytosolic proteins

Bound ribosomes produce?

Secreted proteins, membrane proteins, lysosomal proteins.

Ribosome location?

Cytoplasm and rough ER

Golgi receives proteins from?

Golgi forms?

Secretory vesicles and lysosomes.

Function of lysosomes

Intracellular digestion

Main enzymes of lysosomes?

Hydrolytic enzymes

Optimal PH for Hydrolytic enzymes

Acidic

Enzyme’s for peroxisomes

Catalase

Light reactions where in chloroplasts?

Thylakoid membranes

Calvin cycle occurs where in chloroplasts?

Stroma

Three components of cytoskeleton

Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules.

Microtubules made of?

Tubulin

Microfilaments made of?

Actin

Motor proteins?

Kinesin, Dynein, Myosin.

Function of centrosomes

Organizes microtubules

Function of cilia and flagella

Cell movement

Internal arrangement of cilia and flagella

9+2 microtubules

Bacterial cell wall made of what?

Peptidoglycan

Tight junction function

Prevent leakage

Desmosomes?

Mechanical attachment.

Gap junctions?

Cell communication

Which organelle makes ribosomal subunits?

Nucleolus

Why can’t ions diffuse directly through the membrane?

Because the hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer repels charged particles.

Which cytoskeletal component forms the mitotic spindle?

Microtubules