study guide 3

Define potential and kinetic energy 

potiental- stored energy

kinetic-motion

chemical energy

type of potential energy

Electrical 

movement of charged particles

Mechanical 

objects in motion due to applied forces

sound energy

molecule compression caused by vibration

radiant energy

energy of electromagnetic

Heat

kinetic energy from movement of atoms,ions,molecules

State the 1^st and 2^nd Laws of Thermodynamics 

1-energy cant be created nor destroyed

2-when energy is transformed some energy is lost

Define metabolism 

all biochemical reactions in living organisms

chemical reaction

when chemical bonds in existing molecules structures are broken

Describe classifications of chemical reactions (decomposition, synthesis, etc) 

change in chemical structure or energy and whether reaction is irreversable or reversable

decompostion,synthesis,exchange

Define Exergonic/Endergonic reactions 

exergonic-releases energy

endergonic- requires input of energy

Describe Reversible/Irreversible reactions 

Reversible-does not proceed to only the right no net change in concentratio of either reactants

irreversable- net loss of reactants and a net gain in products A+B= AB

Define reaction rate and explain activation energy 

reaction rate -how quickly a chemical actions takes place

activation energy- energy required to break existing chemical bonds

Define Catalyst

A substance that increases the rate if change of a chem reaction without undergoing a change

Describe Enzyme structure, mechanism of action, how enzymes are controlled 

enzyme structure- globular protein

mechanism of enzyme action-molecules or ions required to ensure a reaction

List conditions that influence the reaction rates catalyzed by enzymes 

-permits only a single substrate to bind

-helps catalyze only one specific reaction

Define/Describe metabolic pathways and multienzyme complexes 

regulation of enzymes

phosphorylation-adds Phosphate

dephosphorylation- removes phosphate

Overview Cellular Respiration (focus on the summary for each of the 4 stages)

Glycolysis-negative feedback and ATP turns off PFK as ATP increases PFK decreases

,Intermediate stage- linked catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase

,citric acid-9 enzymes in the mitochondria matrix

electron transport system-transfers electrons from NADH to FADH used to make ATP oxygen is the final product

Describe what happens to pyruvate with insufficient oxygen 

 Describe what happens to pyruvate with insufficient oxygen 

activity of electron transport decreases cells depend on glycolysis (needs NAD+)