Families in Canada - Exam Flashcards (copy)

what is homelessness (for youth)?

• having no fixed place to sleep

• lacking shelter

what are the main causes of homelessness (3)?

1. Disruptive Family Conditions

2. Residential Instability

3. Financial Crisis

types of parenting styles (3)

1. authoritative (good parent)

2. authoritarian (bad parent)

3. permissive (not even a parent)

characteristics of authoritative parenting

• clear rules w/ explanations

  • do your hw everyday b/c it’ll help u with balancing school

• balance of firmness and warmth

• encourages independence, offers guidance

characteristics of authoritarian parenting

• strict rules w/ no explanations

  • just do your hw

• high expectations, low flexibility

• expectation of obedience

characteristics of permissive parenting

• few or no rules

• parents don’t say no (children have more power)

• neglectful parenting style

how does authoritative parenting affect children

• more independent

• good at problem-solving

• respectful of rules (but knows when to speak up)

how does authoritarian parenting affect children

• obedient and disciplined

• lower self-esteem

• relies on authority figures for direction (too dependent)

how does permissive parenting affect children

• creative and free-spirited

• lacks self-discipline

• face difficulty w/ rules and authority figures (struggles w/ boundaries)

what is divorce

legal dissolution of marriage

characteristics of marriage mistakes

• shouldn’t have been married

• typically effects marriages based off..

  • rushed decisions

  • incompatibility

  • forced marriage

• ex. getting married too quickly → realize you don’t get along → divorce

characteristics of marriage failures

• when marriages fall apart overtime

• happens b/c of..

  • poor communication

  • unmet needs

  • external pressures (financial struggles)

  • ex. husband focuses tm on work → neglects wife → wife has unmet needs → divorce

what are the phases of divorce (3)

1. awareness phase

2. separation phase

3. reorganization phase

what happens during the awareness phase of divorce

• 1 or both partners realize the marriage isn’t working

• partners start to distance themselves

  • emotions like.. (when they’re too dependent)

    • sadness

    • frustration

    • denial

what happens during the separation phase of divorce

• physically/emotionally separate

• legal/financial decisions are made

• include..

  • moving out

  • dividing responsibilities (children if any)

what happens during the reorganization phase of divorce

• adjustment to life after divorce

• new routines, roles and relationships are formed

• focus shifts towards healing

what is socialisation

• the process of being an acceptable member of society

• happens through learning + accepting..

  • beliefs

  • behaviours

  • rules

what are the preconditions for socialisation to occur

• a physical capacity to learn

• must live in a society that has values, norms, statuses, roles, institutions

  • feral children (who are neglected) dont get this opportunity

how does family affect socialisation

• responsible for teaching an individual’s most basic needs to survive in the world

• individuals are first introduced to what’s right and wrong (social acceptable behaviour)

how does family impact childhood

• teaches basic values

• sets the foundation for the way you interact in the future

how does family impact emerging adults

• provided emotional support + guidance

• less influence b/c this is the time of independence

how does family impact adulthood

• very little impact

• more like.. you shift your focus towards family making

how do friends affect socialisation

• influences behaviour, interests, and attitudes

• peer pressure, fitting into society, etc

how do friends impact childhood

• begins the process of self-identity

• learning to fit into social groups

how do friends impact emerging adults

• peers affect lifestyle, career direction

how do friends impact adulthood

• influences personal and social decisions

how does school affect socialisation

• teaches academic knowledge

• teaches discipline and cooperation

how does school impact childhood

• teaches teamwork

• introduces social rules

how does school impact emerging adults

• exploration of self-identity, career decelopment

• what you learn during this tike shapes your adult life (pathways)

how does school impact adulthood

• some adults may pursue further education for career establishment

how does work affect socialisation

• develops responsibility + communication skills

• influences how you interact w/ others in work contexts

how does work impact emerging adults

• influences independence

• individuals gain financial independence

how does work impact aduthood

• dominates adulthood: shapes routines + responsibilities

• defines social status, career goals, and relationships

how does media affect socialisation

• shapes perceptions (reality, beauty standards, social trends)

• influences ideas, opinions, and values

how does media impact childhood

• shapes perceptions of life (gender roles + expectations, societal roles + expectations)

how does media impact emerging adults

• influenced values, lifestyle choices, and cultural trends

• affects decisions about appearance, career paths, politics, and social issues

how does media impact adulthood

• continues to affect lifestyle choices

• allows individuals to stay updated

• keeps adults connected within society

how does the government affect socialisation

• teaches what’s right and wrong (criminally speaking)

• affects how people view authority figures

how does the government impact childhood

• teaches children about law and authority

how does the government impact emerging adults

• individuals become involved in voting

• influences political views and social responsibilities

how does the government impact adulthood

• adults become more engaged in politics (taxes, voting, etc)

• greater awareness of social/legal responsibilities

how does religion affect socialisation

• influences moral values, and beliefs

• shapes how you view the world and others

how does religion impact childhood

• establishes religious beliefs/moral balues

• early introduction to ethics, and community

how does religion impact emerging adults

• individuals may continue to explore or redefine their beliefs

how does religion impact adulthood

• becomes more/less significant to personal growth

• some people lean more into their religious beliefs.. while others don’t

what is sterberg’s love triangle

• theory that explains love as a combination of 3 aspects

• limerence → fantasy and longing > deep bond

what are the aspects of love (3)

1. intimacy

2. passion

3. commitment

characteristics of passion

• the “spark”/excitement in a relationship

  • passion can fade if other aspects aren’t supported

• biological drive to reproduce → strong feelings of sexual desire develop

characteristics of intimacy

• builds over time through mutual bonding

• involves feelings of closeness

• intimacy develops slowly as individuals..

  • share thoughts, feelings w/ each other

  • become more willing to meet the other’s psychological needs

characteristics of commitment

• the decision to stay together and maintain the relationship

• reflects long-term dedication

  • their relationship is more rewarding than others

• can exist w/o intimacy or passion (a.k.a staying out of obligation)

what is erik erikson’s psychosocial developmental theory

• suggest that life is divided into 8 stages

  • each stage you face a challenge

• how you handle these challenges shape your..

  • personality

  • relationships

  • identity

• successfully resolving challenges = growth (vice versa)

stage 1: trust vs. mistrust

• 0 to 1 yrs old

• learning to trust caregivers

  • met: develops a sense of trust in the world

  • not met: develops mistrust, fear, and insecurity (makes it hard to form relationships in later life)

stage 2: autonomy vs. shame and doubt

• 2 to 3 yrs old

• developing independence

  • met: builds independence, confidence, and a sense of control over actions (autonomy)

  • not met: experience shame, doubt, and a fear of failure (feeling overly dependent on others)

stage 3: initiative vs. guilt

• 3 to 5 yrs old

• starting to take initiative and make choices

  • met: become self-motivated, develops leadership skills, and learns to take initiative (developing feelings of responsibility)

  • not met: develops guilt for trying or acting independently → leads to hesitation or fear of failure

stage 4: industry vs. inferiority

• 6 to puberty

• building confidence through achievements

  • met: gains a sense of accomplishment, competence, and pride in their abilities

  • not me: feels inferior, doubts abilities → lowers self-esteem

stage 5: identity vs. role confusion

• teens to 20s

• figuring out who you are

  • met: develops a strong sense of self, personal values, and direction in life (explores - who am i?)

  • not met: feels confused about their identity, struggles w/ decisions, lacks direction + confidence

stage 6: intimacy vs. isolation

• 20s to 40s

• forming close relationships

  • met: good sense of identity = formation of deep, meaningful relationshops

  • not met: feels lonely, isolated, and struggles with vulnerability + connection

stage 7: generativity vs. stagnation

• 40s to 60s

• contributing to society and helping others

  • met: feels fulfilled by contributing to society, supporting others, and they want to have something they’re known for

  • not met: experiences stagnation (no growth), lack of purpose + productivity

stage 8: integrity vs. despair

• 60s +

• reflecting on life (satisfaction vs. regret)

  • met: looks back on life w/ satisfaction (feels a sense of accomplishment + peace)

  • not met: feels regret + disappointment over missed opportunities and mistakes

what is kraus riegel’s dimensions of development

• how individuals develop + change throughout their life

• change and development are not predictable

  • depends on how people respond to internal/external changes

what are the dimensions of change (4)

1. internal-psychological

2. internal-biological

3. external-cultural-sociological

4. external environmental

what is internal-psychological change

emotional maturity, independence, and mental development

what is internal-biological change

physical + sexual development

what is external-cultural-sociological change

society’s expectations and opportunities

what is external environmental change

physical, economic, and political environment

how does dimension of development occur

• a change in 1 dimension affects other dimensions

  • ex. if you become more independent → society may start expecting you to take on more responsibilities

• development is the result of adapting to these changed in different areas of life

characteristics of the family life cycle framework (5)

1. identity formation: separate yourself from your family → decide what to keep or leave behind

2. commit to a career role: make your first decisions about career/work life

3. develop relationships outside of family: develop intimate friendships and support networks for emotional + social growth

4. shift in parent-child relationship: relationship is less hierarchical (parents don’t dictate child)

5. launch into independence: parents let go of children → allows them to become independent

what is perlin’s theory of psychological distress

• theory suggests that individuals live a lifetime of continuous change (and they experience occasional periods of instability)

• mental stress happens when life demands overwhelm a person’s ability to cope

  • people grow by facing distress

  • distress is a stimulus which triggers the need for psychological response to cope

what are the elements of distress (4)

1. individual characteristics (race, gender, intelligence, family background, personality, and education)

2. the range of skills individuals have for coping with stress/change

3. the availability of social support networks (family, friends, etc)

4. the nature and riming of stress (w/o warning or w/ warning)

what is levinson’s theory of seasons of life

• adults go through predictable stages where they rethink goals, relations and personal growth

• key takeaways:

  • life is about ongoing growth and adjustment

  • dreams and goals change over time

  • transitions in one stage of life can affect other stages

  • self-reflection increases as we age

what are the key concepts of levinson’s theory (4)

1. forming a dream: creating a vision of your future and setting goals

2. forming an occupation: choosing and put using a career path

3. forming mentor relationships: building relationships w/ mentors

4. forming romantic relationships: marriage, forming a family

what is the life structure

• idea where a dream builds life structure (structure helps them achieve their goals)

• structure allows evaluation of goals.. (if goals have changes or if their current roles are fulfilling)

stages and transitions in levinson’s theory (3)

1. early adulthood (17-40) → identity formation → career → establish relationships

2. midlife transition (40-45) → time for reevaluating → possible midlife crisis’

1. late adulthood (60+) → reflect on life → assess accomplishment → shift focuses to retirement

what is arnette’s theory of emerging adulthood

• individuals (18 to 25) go through a unique phase where they explore who they are

• they feel neither like teens or adults

key characteristics of emerging adulthood (5)

1. identity exploration

2. instability

3. self-focus

4. feeling in-between

5. age of possibilities

identity exploration for emerging adults

• young adults explore decisions related to career, relationships, and values

• they may try out different jobs, roles, and relationships

instability for emerging adults

• frequent changed such as moving, employment, relationshops, and education

• feels like a time of experimentation/unpredictability

self-focus for emerging adults

• less family/financial responsibilities → opportunity to focus more on personal growth, development and reflection

feeling in-between for emerging adults

• feeling unsure about adulthood

• they feel like they’re no longer teens but also not independent adults

age of possibilities for emerging adults

• phase of hope and opportunity

• young adults are optimistic about their future (believe they can shape their life)

what is conflict theory (what does it look at)

• MACRO, Interdisciplinary

• powere is what holds society together

• conflict exists b/c of inequalities in power

• society is organized into power groups..

  • groups compete to meet their needs

  • competition can result in exploitation

what is systems theory (what does it look at)

• MICRO, Sociological

• examines how family members interact as a system

• family systems have complex organisations

  • what affects one part affects the rest

  • members can only be added via birth, cohabitation or marriage

    • can only leave via death

what is exchange theory (what does it look at)

• MICRO, Psychological

• looks at how individuals make choices within roles by weighing costs + benefits

  • people know what they have to offer and what they need

• costs and benefits

  • benefits are rewarding

  • costs are emotional/physical support

• social roles are stable when exchange is equal (costs = benefits)

• benefits and costs are based off perception not fact

what is symbolic interactionism (what does it look at)

• MICRO, Psychological

• looks at the actor to explain the actions

• looks at how individuals behave based on their perception of themselves and others

  • people define + interpret their experienced to give meaning

• “me and i” - the “i” is how individuals interpret feedback from other people (charles cooley - looking glass theory)

• “take the attitude of the other” - to be able to anticipate what the other person will do and decide how they’ll respond (george mead)

what is feminist theory (what does it look at)

• MACRO, Interdisciplinary 

• examines the impact of gender on behaviour 

• androcentricity - bias that assumes male behaviour = human behaviour

types of feminism for feminist theory (3)

1. Liberal - Focuses on achieving gender equality through legal changes (Women should have the same rights as men)

2. Radical - The patriarchy is the root of women’s oppression (changing laws won’t work → deeper cultural changes are necessary)

3. Socialist - Combines feminism and socialism → Highlights connection b/w capitalism and women’s oppression 

what is functionalism (what does it look at)

• MACRO, Sociological

• looks at how society is organised to perform its required functions 

• belief that social change can upset the balance in society

what is ecological systems theory (what does it look at)

• MACRO, Interdisciplinary

• people are members of interlocking systems (they influence each other)

• considers the impact of external factors 

levels of societal influences for ecological system theory (4)

1. microsystem - individual  

2. mesosytem - small groups (family)

3. exosystem - socio-economic environment (extended family, school) 

4. macrosystem - social-cultural environment (society)

what is the life-course approach (what does it look at)

• MICRO, Interdisciplinary 

• looks at behaviour demonstrated by people through various stages of life

• examines biological, physiological, social, and cultural factors that influence development 

• the belief that there are predictable stages in life that cause a change in behaviour 

  • considered the “prerequisites” to move onto the next stage of life (marriage, birth of children) 

characteristics of marriages made to last (5)

• similar values

• enjoy similar activities

• put together their incomes

• sharing power

• having mutual friends

what is the main thing that makes marriages last (2)

• social homogamy :

  • similar backgrounds (growing up in similar environment), having the same education level = stronger relationship

• both partners prioritize the relationship

what is an arranged marriage

a marriage that is planned by parents/guardians (partners don’t choose each other)

what are the advantages of an arranged marriage (6)

• lower divorce rates

• family agrees w/ the choice of spouse

• share common interests + values

• share cultural background

• reduces pressure to find partner independently

• financial security

what are the disadvantages of an arranged marriage (5)

• not a love marriage

• may not have initial attraction

• parents get more advantages out of the marriage

• unable to choose their own spouse

• individual may not be ready for marriage

what type of men are women attracted to (mate selection theory)

women are attracted to family providers

what do women look for in men (6)

• financial success

• intelligence

• good health

• ambition

• good work ethic

• education

what type of women are men attracted to (mate selection theory)

men are attracted to women who appear fertile

what do men look for in women (3)

• physically appealing

  • clear skin

  • shiny hair

  • shapely figure

• young

• healthy

according to the census family, what is the definition of family

• group of people living together and related by birth, marriage, adoption, or cohabitation

• + grandchildren living w/ grandparents (w/o parents present)